Catholic Councils Transelated by 2014 Group

c~e© K_v

Lªxó gÐjxi wkÿvi  wfwË n‡jv, cweÎ evB‡ej, ˆcÖwiwZK HwZn¨-cÖ_v Ges gÐjxi wkÿv| GB wZbwU welq‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q Ges AbymiY K‡i Kv_wjK gÐjx RxešÍ I cÖvYešÍiƒ‡c Ava¨vwZ¥K I ˆelwqK †mev w`‡q hv‡”Q| Lªxó gÐjx n‡jv f³RbM‡Yi mgv‡ek I åvZ…‡cÖg cÖKv‡ki wgjb †ÿÎ| Avi GB wgj‡bi hvÎv n‡jv ¯^M©xq wcZvi w`‡K, mg‡eZfv‡e, GKZvi wfwˇZ, Lªxóxq Rxe‡bi c~Y©Zvi j‡ÿ¨| gvbyl eyyw×e„wË m¤úbœ mËv Ges ¯^vaxb †PZbv I gZev` cÖKv‡k AvMÖnx| Lªxó gÐjx‡Z hy‡M hy‡M, Kv‡j Kv‡j wewfbœ gZev` I gZv`‡k©I Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q hv Kv_wjK gÐjxi HwZn¨-wkÿv I evB‡ji cwicwš’| gÐjxi cwicš’x wkÿv åvšÍ wkÿviB bvgšÍi Ges Zv Heresy bv‡g cwiwPZ| Heresy evsjv cÖwZkã ÒåvšÍwkÿvÓ| LªxógÐjxi mbvZb wkÿv-HwZn¨ I evB‡e‡ji cwiPvjbv‡K A¶zbœ ivLvi j‡ÿ¨ gnvmfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnvmfv‡K (Council) ag©gnvmfv, wek¦Rbxb gnvmfv wnmv‡eI WvKv nq|

LªxógÐjxi AvBb †Kvl (Canon Law) MÖ‡š’ 338 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q,Òwek¦Rbxb gnvmfv AvnŸvb Kiv, wb‡R I Abª‡`I Øviv mfvcwZZ¡ Kiv Ges Zv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ, ¯’wMZ I eÜ Kiv Ges Zvi wb‡`©kbv Aby‡gv`b Kiv n‡jv ïaygvÎ †cvc g‡nv`‡qi AwaKviÓ| wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi LªxógÐjx welqK msweav‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, Òe¯‘Z: cÖvPxb e¨e¯’v Abyhvqx mgMÖ c„w_ex‡Z AwawôZ ag©cvjMY ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgjb iÿv K‡i Ges †iv‡gi ag©cv‡ji mv‡_ GKZv, †cÖg I kvwšÍ eRvq †i‡L Pj‡Zb; GB GKB fve cÖZxqgvb nq gnvmfv AvnŸv‡bi e¨vcv‡i †hLv‡b mwš§wjZ mgvavbK‡í A‡b‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx mylg I wbi‡cÿ wmav‡šÍi †ÿ‡Î mKj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| †cvcMY †Kvb †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q A‡b‡Ki civgk©, wbi‡cÿ I fvimvg¨c~Y© wmavšÍ MÖnY K‡i mwš§wjZfv‡e mgvav‡bi Rb¨ gnvmfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Zb| GB me wKQzB ag©cvj-åvZ„ms‡Ni KvVv‡gv I ˆewk‡ó¨i mvÿ¨ w`‡”QÓ (22/338)| `yB nvRvi eQ‡ii gÐjxi hvÎv c‡_ 21wU ag©gnvmfv AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| Avi cÖwZwU gnvmfvi g‡a¨ †cvc g‡nv`q mfvcwZZ¡ K‡i‡Qb ev Zuvi †Kvb cÖwZwbwa †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb ag©gnvmfvq mfvcwZZ¡ Kivi Rb¨| †ivgxq mvgªv‡R¨i c~e©v‡j AbywôZ cÖ_g AvUwU gnvmfvq †cvc g‡nv`q mivmwi Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z cv‡ibwb| wZwb Zuvi cÖwZwbwa †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb gnvmfvi mfvcwZZ¡ Z_v gnvmfv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨|

mve©Rbbx LªxógÐjx‡Z 21 evi ag©gnvmfv AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g 8wU †ivgxq mvgªv‡R¨i c~e©v‡j Avi 13wU ag©gnvmfv AbywôZ n‡q‡Q †ivgxq mvgªv‡R¨i cwðg A‡j| ag©gnvmfv¸wj RvqMvi bvgvbymv‡i cwiwPZ| ag©gnvmfv¸wji wmavšÍ gÐjx‡K hy‡M hy‡M mwVK wb‡`k©bv I AåvšÍ wkÿv w`‡q‡Q| †cv‡ci wb‡`©kbvq ag©gnvmfv¸wj Lªxwóq HwZn¨, wek¦vm I evB‡e‡ji wkÿv‡K RvMwiZ K‡i‡Q| åvšÍ wkÿv, e¨w³MZ gZvgZ †_‡K gÐjx‡K iÿv K‡i‡Q ag©gnvmfv| GQvov gÐjx‡K mwVK I myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wbqk-bxwZ, wb‡`©kbv I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ hy‡MvchyMx c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q ag©gnvmfv¸wj|

LªxógÐjx wbh©vwZZ gv‡qi g‡Zv| GB gÐjx mycÖwZwôZ n‡Z Ges Avcb gwngv I ˆewkó A¶zbœ ivL‡Z euvav-wecwË I wbh©vZb mB‡Z n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g GK nvRvi eQ‡ii ga¨Kvi 3wU gnvmfv wbwmqv 1g, G‡dmvm, K¨vjwmWb åvšÍwkÿvi mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Q| GQvovI Ab¨vb¨ gnvmfv¸‡jv åvšÍwkÿv I wbqg-bxwZi cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Q| `xN© mgq Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, M‡elbv, gZvgZ MÖnY, hvPvB I cÖv_©bvi ga¨ w`‡q mwVK wmavšÍ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| åvšÍwkÿv¸wj (Heresis) LªxógÐjxi wPivPwiZ cÖ_v, wek¦vm I evB‡ej wkÿvi wecix‡Z wQ‡jv| ag©gnvmfv¸wj‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q- †cvc, wekc, I wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ ch©v‡qi cÖwZwbwaMY| LªxógÐjxi hvÎv c‡_ gnvmfv¸wji ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg Ges gÐjxi iÿvKZ©v Z_v mwVK wb‡`©kbvKvix AwffveK wnmv‡e f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Avw` gÐjx‡ZB m‡Z¨i Awg‡ji Kvi‡Y 50-51 Lªxóv‡ã †hiæmv‡j‡g gnvmfv (†cÖwiZ 15) AbywôZ n‡qwQ‡jv| mvay wcZi I cj Dcw¯’Z †_‡K mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zv ˆcÖwiwZK hy‡M  AbywôZ n‡qwQ‡jv e‡j gnvmfvi ZvwjKvq Avbv nq bv| gnvmfv¸wj ZvB gÐjx‡K m‡Z¨i mÜvb w`‡q‡Q; mwVK wb‡`©©kbvq cwiPvwjZ K‡i‡Q Ges mwVK wkÿv`v‡b gÐjx‡K c~Y©Zvi c‡_ GwM‡q w`‡q‡Q| gnvmfv WvKvi c~‡e© A‡bKevi Synod AvnŸvb Kiv n‡q‡Q c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ wnmv‡e| Synod kãwU MÖxK fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q Gi A_© n‡jv mg‡eZfv‡e GKB j‡ÿ¨ DcbxZ nIqv|

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dv`vi w`jxc Gm. K¯Ív

(MÖš’bv I m¤úv`bv)

wkÿvel©: 1g el©, 3q el© wkÿv_©x- 2014 Lªxóvã

cweÎ AvZ¥v D”P †mwgbvix, ebvbx-XvKv

cweÎ ag©gnvmfvi cÖviw¤¢K K_v

KvD›U †ivRvwiI, wmGmwm

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ag©gnvmfv wK

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ag©gnvmfvi aviYv/ Drm/ DrcwË

LªxógÐjx‡Z ¯^xK…Z 21wU gnvmfv _vK‡jI Ges cÖ_g ¯^xK„Z ag©gnvmfv wbwmqv n‡jI cÖ_g ag© gnvmfv n‡”Q †Riæmv‡jg ag© gnvmfv| †h ag© gnvmfv Lªxó KZ©„K wb‡qvwRZ gÐjxi KY©avi cÖ_g †cvc wcZ‡ii †bZ„‡Z¡ msMwVZ n‡qwQj| H mgq gÐjx‡Z ZK‡”Q` wb‡q †h cÖkœ D‡VwQj Zvi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡qwQj| G gnvmfvq †bZ„Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb wcZi, hv‡Kve, cj, evb©vevm I Ab¨vb¨ wekcMY| ag© gnvmfvi g~j aviYv Avgiv cvB cweÎ evB‡ej Gi bZzb wbq‡gi wkl¨PwiZ 15 Aa¨vq Ges MvjvZxq 2: 1-10 c‡`|

ag©gnvmfvi KviY

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1| gÐjx‡Z †Kvb åvšÍ gZev` cÖPvwiZ n‡j |

2| gÐjx‡Z †Kvb welq hw` wek„sLjfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j k„sLjvq wdwi‡q Avmvi Rb¨|

3| gÐjxi †Kvb wel‡q cyb©MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î |

4| †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q wmÜvšÍ †bqvi Rb¨|

5| †Kvb ag©xq wek¦vm ev wkÿv‡K eje` ivLvi Rb¨ (Doctrine) |

g~jZ Dc‡iv³ KviY¸‡jvi Rb¨B gnvmfv AvnŸvb Kiv nq|

ag© gnvmfvi KvVv‡gv ev MVb cÖwµqv

msweavb wek¦Rbxb gnvmfv‡K wekc m¤§xjbxi GKwU c~Y©, m‡ev”P© Ges mve©Rbxb ÿgZv wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| Ecumenical k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q mveRbxb Gi A_© `uvovq gnvmfv mve©Rbxb gÐjxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ges gÐjxi Dci Gi m¤ú~Y© ÿgZv _v‡K| GKgvÎ †cvc ag© gnvmfvi AvnŸvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|  †cvcB Zv cwiPvjbv K‡i A_ev wZwb cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM K‡ib | cÖ_g w`‡K K‡qK kZvãxi mgq m¤ªvUMYB gnvmfvi AvnŸvb Ki‡Zb Ges cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| †Kbvbv H mgq wekcMY Mixe wQj Zviv m¤ªvU‡`i mnv‡h¨ PjZ| GQvovI m¤ªvUMY g‡b Ki‡Zb †h ZvivB gÐjxi iÿvKZ©v ZvB Zviv gÐjx‡Z kvwšÍ wdwi‡q Avbv Zv‡`i GKvšÍ KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| †cvc n‡”Q †iv‡gi wekc| ag© gnvmfvi  m`m¨iv ïay wekcMYB n‡q _v‡Kb| Zviv A‡bK n‡jI mK‡j GK e‡j we‡ewPZ| Zv‡`i GKZvi kw³Uv HkwiK| GB kw³ gvbexq kw³ Øviv webó n‡Z cv‡i bv| ag© gnvmfvi g¯ÍK n‡”Q mvay wcZi whwb ¯^qs Lªx‡ói Øviv g‡bvbxZ n‡q‡Qb | mvay wcZi Zvi `vwqZ¡ wZwb cieZ©x †cvc‡`i Dci b¨¯Í K‡i †M‡Qb | Zvn‡j ejv hvq, †cvcB n‡”Q ag© gnvmfvi cÖavb e¨w³Z¡ | †cvc e¨wZZ Gi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡B †bB ev _vK‡Z cv‡i bv | wZwb n‡”Q mve©Rbxb wekc ( HwZn¨evnx bvg)| wZwb GKZvi gÐjx cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib| †cvc e¨wZZ †Kvb gnvmfv n‡Z cv‡ibv Z‡e ïay wekc‡`i †QvU †QvU mfv n‡Z cv‡i| BwZnv‡m  †cv‡ci wb‡`©k QvovI wKQz gnvmfv msMwVZ n‡qwQj †h¸‡jv‡K A‰ea mfv ev (Robber Councils) ejv nq| gÐjxi AvBb aviv 338 G ejv n‡q‡Q †h ag© gnvmfvq †cvc me©gq ÿgZvi AwaKvix| GLv‡b Gfv‡e ejv Av‡Q †h, Ò wek¦Rbxb gnvmfv AvnŸvb Kiv, wb‡R I Ab¨‡`i Øviv mfvcwZZ¡ Kiv Ges Zv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ, ¯’wMZ I eÜ Kiv Ges Zvi wb‡`©kbvgv Aby‡gv`b Kiv nj ïay gvÎ †cvc g‡nv`‡qi AwaKviÓ|[1] mvaviYZ ag© gnvmfvi m`m¨ n‡e ïay wekcMY hviv †iv‡gi wek‡ci mv‡_ mshy³| Zv‡`i m`m¨ fzw³Uv GKUv HkwiK AwaKvi| bvgavix  ÿgZvnxb (Titular) wekcMY Gi AšÍ©fz³| wek¦Rbxb gnvmfvq AskMÖnY Kiv mKj wekcM‡Yi AwaKvi I KZ©e¨| G ag©mfv wek¦Rbxb n‡q I‡V ZLb, hLb †cvc wekc‡`i åvZ„ms‡Ni cÖavb wn‡m‡e Zuvi Aby‡gv`b `vb K‡ib | BwZnvm e‡j †q, wKQz mve©Rbxb gnvmfv cÖ_‡g cÖv‡P¨i m¤ª¨vU Øviv AvnŸvb Kiv n‡qwQj, ZeyI GB ag© gnvmfv mve©Rbxb n‡q D‡VwQj †iv‡gi wek‡ci Aby‡gv`‡bi d‡j| Acic‡ÿ hw` †cv‡ci Aby‡gv`b Qvov I Zuvi weiæ‡× mKj wekcMYI G wek¦Rbxb gnvmfv WvK‡Zb Z‡e G gnvmfvi †Kb g~j¨B _KZ bv| gÐjxi AvBb Abyhvqx  †cv‡ci g„Zz¨‡Z ag© gnvmfv ¯’wMZ n‡q c‡o, ZvB ag© gnvmfv Pvwj‡q hvevi Rb¨ bZzb †cv‡ci wm×v‡šÍi cÖ‡qvRb| GK ag© gnvmfvi msweavb (Constitution), wb‡`©kbvgv (Decree) I †NvlYvcÎ (Declaration) g~j¨ †c‡q _v‡K ZLb, hLb ag© gnvmfvi wcZ„M‡Yi mv‡_ †cvc wb‡R Aby‡gv`b `vb K‡ib| †cv‡ci AwaKvi n‡jv Aby‡gv`b `wjj mg_©b I Kvh©Ki Kiv| Aci w`‡K GKRb mvavib wLªóf³ whwb wekc bb wZwb gnvmfvq m`m¨ n‡Z cvi‡eb bv| wKš‘ †cvc whwb g¯ÍK ¯^iƒc Zuvi AbygwZµ‡g mvaviY RbMY gnvmfvq K_v ej‡Z cv‡i, †fvU w`‡Z cv‡i Ges GKRb m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| fvwUKvb gnvmfvq gVvaÿ Ges eo mbœ¨vm eªZx ms‡Ni cÖavbMYI AskMÖnY K‡iwQj| Gi ga¨ w`‡q gnvmfvi mve©RbxbZv cÖKvk cvq|

ag©gnvmfvi cÖ¯‘wZ cÖwµqv

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ag©gnvmfvi ¯’vb

ag© gnvmfv msMwVZ nIqvi †Kvb wbw`ó ¯’vb †bB Z‡e GUv †h‡Kvb eo kn‡i (Capital City) n‡q _v‡K| ag© gnvmfv msMwVZ nIqvi wbw`©ó †Kvb mgqI †bB | cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †h‡Kvb mgq Zv msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| gÐjx‡Z G ch©šÍ ¯^xK…Z cÖvß gnvmfvi msL¨v 21 wU| Gi g‡a¨ Avevi AÂj wfwËK fvM i‡q‡Q| †hgb: cÖvP¨‡`kxq mvaviY gnvmfv (Eastern Ecumenical Councils)| GB fv‡M 8wU gnvmfv msMwVZ nq| Ges cwðgv †`kxq mvaviY gnvmfv (Western Ecumenical councils) GB fv‡M 13wU gnvmfv msMwUZ nq| gÐjxi ag© gnvmfv¸‡jv‡K Avevi K‡qKwU hy‡MI fvM Kiv nq| †hgb-

cÖ_g mn¯ª eQ‡ii ag© gnvmfv : G mgq AvUwU ag© gnvmfv msMwVZ nq| G¸‡jv nj- cÖ_g wbwmqv (325), cÖ_g KÝ›UvwU‡bvcj ( 381), G‡dmym (431), KvjwmWb (451), wØZxq KÝ›UvwU‡bvcj (553), Z…Zxq KÝ›UvwU‡bvcj (680-681), wØZxq wbwmqv ( 787), PZz_© KÝ›UvwU‡bvcj (869-870)|

ga¨ hy‡Mi ag© gnvmfv : G mgq mvZwU ag© gnvmfv msMwVZ nq| G¸‡jv nj- cÖ_g jv‡Zivb (1123), wØZxq jv‡Zivb ( 1139), Z…Zxq jv‡Zivb (1179), PZz_© jv‡Zivb (1215), cÖ_g wjqb ( 1245), wØZxq wjqb (1274), wf‡qbv (1311-1312)|

ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`j‡bi hy‡Mi ag© gnvmfv : G hy‡M PviwU ag© gnvmfv msMwVZ nq| G¸‡jv nj- KÝUvÝ ( 1414-1418), †e‡mj-†d¬v‡iÝ ( 1431-1445), cÂg jv‡Zivb ( 1512-1517), †Uª›U ( 1545- 1563)|

eZ©gvb hy‡Mi ag© gnvmfv: G mgq `ywU ag© gnvmfv msMwVZ nq| G¸‡jv nj- cÖ_g fvwUKvb (1869- 1870), wØZxq fvwUKvb (1962-1965)|

ag©gnvmfvi ÿgZv ev kw³

†h‡nZz †cvcxq ev wekcxq ÿgZv ev kw³ n‡”Q AwZcÖK…Z ev HkwiK kw³ ZvB mg¯Í ag© gnvmfvi kw³ ev ÿgZvI AwZcÖvK…Z ev HkwiK| G kw³i Drm n‡”Q ¯^qs Lªxó whwb Zuvi wkl¨‡`i w`‡q wM‡qwQj †Kvb wKQz‡K cweÎ Kivi kw³, wkÿv †`qvi kw³ I Hk RbMY‡K cwiPvjbv `vb Kivi kw³| GKBfv‡e cweÎ ag© gnvmfvi kw³ nj wek¦vmx RbMY‡K cweÎ K‡i †Zvjv, wkÿv `vb Kiv Ges cwiPvjbv `vb Kiv|  †h‡nZz †cvc cweÎ AvZ¥vi mnvqZvq Lªx‡ói cÖwZwbwaZ¡ KÕ‡i _v‡K †m‡nZz †cvc hv e‡j ev wmÜvšÍ †`q Zv‡Z †Kvb fzj †bB, Zuvi weiæ‡× †Kvb K_vI ejv hv‡ebv| †Kbvb †cvc hvB K‡i cweÎ AvZ¥v Zv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| GUv‡K e‡j †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv ev †cv‡ci AåvšÍ bxwZ (Infability)| ag© gnvmfvq hv Av‡jvPbv I wmÜvšÍ n‡e Zv †cv‡ci Aby‡gv`b e¨wZZ evwn‡i wKQz cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e bv|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Lªxó gÐjxi BwZnv‡m cweΠ ag© gnvmfv Avwk©ev` ¯^iƒc| hyM hyM a‡i gÐjxi wewfbœ DÌvb cZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q gÐjx AvRI `„pfv‡e `uvwo‡q i‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î cweÎ ag© gnvmfvi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| cweÎ gnvmfv GUv †Kvb mvaviY KvR bq eis GUv cweÎ AvZ¥vi KvR| †Kbbv cweÎ AvZ¥v cÖwZwbqZB gÐjx‡Z KvR K‡i hv‡”Qb Ges G cweÎ ag© gnvmfv cweÎ AvZ¥vi `„k¨gvb Kv‡Ri ewntcÖKvk|

mnvqK MÖš’vejx

1| The Catholic Encyclopedia, V.4, S.V. “Councils, General”, by MICHAEL OTT, 2003.

2| THOMAS P. “General Councils of the Church”, Mumbai, St. Paul Press, 2001.

3| BELLITTO M. Christopher, “The General Councils”, Mahwah, New York, 2002.

4| KUNG Hans, “ The Councils Reform and Reunion, Sheed and Ward, New York, , 1961.

5| Mv‡i‡jøv wmjfv‡bv m¤úv`bvq , ÒLªxóag©xq kãv_©Ó,Bw›`iv †ivW, dvg©‡MU, g¨vK Kw¤úDUvi mvwf©m,1996|

wbwmqv gnvmfv (325 Lªxóvã)

                                                                                   wniY c¨vwUªK M‡gR

313 Lªxóv‡ã wgjv‡bi Abykvm‡b †NvlYvi Øviv, Lªxóag© †ivgxq mgªv‡Ui KvQ ‡_‡K ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| Kbóv›UvBb whwb GB Abykvmb †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb Lªxóvb wQ‡jb bv| GB Abykvm‡bi Øviv †ivgxqiv g~wZ©cu~Rv cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib| hviv ZLbI evw߯§ †bqwb, Zviv gnvb Ck¦i mvggvg-‡`D‡mi (Summum-Deus) c~uRv Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| †ivgvb‡`i Kv‡Q m~‡h©i cÖwZwbwa nj GB †`eZv hviv Zv‡K (Sol Invinctus) ejZ| GB c„w_ex‡Z m~h©‡`eZvi cÖwZwbwa wQ‡jb mgªvU| Zuvi wPšÍv nj wZwb giYkxj gvby‡li D‡aŸ©| GB †mB e¨w³, whwb GKRb `x¶vcÖv_x©, BwbB gÊjx‡Z cÖ_g gnvmfv AvnŸvb K‡ib| GwU wQj Zvi A`„k¨ †kªôZ¡ cÖwZôvi cÖeYZv hv Zv‡K gnvmfvi Dci cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z kw³ †hvMvq|

gnvmfvi ¯’vb

GB gnvmfvwU wbwmqv bv‡g GKwU kn‡i n‡qwQj| wbwmqv kniwU Kbóvw›U‡bvcj †_‡K 60 gvBj `y‡i, Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki emciv‡mi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z| GUv wQj wb‡Kv‡gw`qvi ivRavbx †_‡K 25 gvBj `w¶‡Y| mgªvU GB ¯’vbwU †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb KviY Zvi MÖx¤§Kvjxb mgq KvUvevi Rb¨ wbwmqv wQj GKwU my›`i ¯’vb Ges GLv‡b 1000 (GKnvRvi) AwZw_i _vKv LvIqvi fvj e¨e¯’v wQj| AwaKš‘, Bnv ivRavbx †_‡K Kv‡Q wQj Ges cÖavb mo‡Ki mv‡_ Zv hy³ wQj| G gnvmfvi hveZxq LiP mgªvU wb‡RB enb K‡ib| GgbwK mgªvU Zvi †jvK‡`i Av‡`k w`‡jb †hb wekc‡`i _vKv-LvIqv Ges hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mewKQz †`Iqv nq|

     325 Lªxóv‡ãi †g gv‡mi 20 Zvwi‡L G gnvmfv D‡Øvab Kiv nq ZLb 314 Rb wekc †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Zviv wgki, c¨v‡j÷vBb, wmwiqv, Gwkqv gvBbi, Avwd«Kv, †¯úb, M¨vj Ges BZvwj †_‡K G‡mwQ‡jb| G mg‡q gÐjx‡Z †cvc wQ‡jb mvay 1g wmj‡fóvi| †cvc wmj‡fóvi eq‡m e„× nIqvi Kvi‡Y gnvmfvq Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z cv‡ibwb| wKš‘ wZwb gnvmfv cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Zuvi `yRb cÖwZwbwa cvVvb Zviv n‡jb dv`vi wfZzm Ges dv`vi wfb‡m›U|

     †h‡Kvb `k©bv_x©i †Pv‡L GB gnvmfv wQj cÖ`©kbxi gZ| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z nq gvÎ `k eQi Av‡M Kbóv›UvB‡bi Aax‡b Lªxóvb‡`i Dci AZ¨vPvi-wbcxob Pvj‡bv n‡qwQj| †mLv‡b Ggb wKQz wekc wQ‡jb hv‡`i c½y ev A‡a©K AÜ K‡i †`Iqv n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i A‡b‡K wQ‡jb RxešÍ mvayi gZ hv‡`i Qvqvq Amy¯’Zv wbivgq n‡qwQj| G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB †h wbwmqvi †jv‡Kiv wcZ…MY wK wm×všÍ †bq †mw`‡K ZvwK‡q wQ‡jb|

     mgªvU Lye mvgvb¨B RuvKRgKZv †`Lv‡jb| wKš‘ Zvi jvj †e¸bx ¯^Y©-‡iŠc¨ LwPZ †cvkvK †mLv‡b GKwÎZ wekc‡`i mv‡_ wgj ev GK nqwb| mgªvU Zvi cÖviw¤¢K e³…Zvq, mKj wekc‡`i ¯^vMZ-ï‡f”Qv Rvbv‡jb Ges ej‡jb †h, hZ hy× †m K‡iwQj Zvi †P‡q gÊjx‡Z Lªx‡ói wei“‡× †h hyw³ ev KviY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv Zv‡K †ekx DwØMœ  K‡iwQj| gÊjx‡Z eZ©gv‡b †h mgm¨v Zv kvwšÍc~Y© gnvmfvi gva¨‡g Zvi myôz mgvavb Ki‡Z mgªvU gÊjxi wcZ…MY‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib| GwiqymI †mLv‡b wekc‡`i †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q Zvi Nwbô hvRK eÜz‡`i wN‡i cÖavb nj N‡ii ev w`‡Ki †Kvbvq e‡m wQ‡jb|

mgm¨v

wbwmqvq mg¯Í wekc‡`i wb‡q gnvmfv Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wQj Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi hvRK Gwiqy‡mi Øviv gÊjx‡Z †h wek„•Ljv m„wó n‡q‡Q Zvi GKUv mgvavb Luy‡R †ei Kiv| Zuvi ag©we‡ivax wk¶v wQj Lªxó Z‡Ë¡i Dci hv Gixqev` bv‡g cwiwPZ|

Gwiqy‡mi cwiPq

wZwb 280 Lªxóv‡ã wgk‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi kn‡i Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| hLb Zvi eqm 20 eQi ZLb wZwb wmwiqvi AvwšÍ‡qvK kn‡ii jywmqvb hvRK‡`i ¯‹z‡j †hvM †`b, cweÎ kv¯¿ m¤ú‡K© covïbv Ki‡Z| fwel¨‡Z A‡bK wekc MV‡b jywmqvb ¯‹zj wQj GKwU fvj cÖwZôvb ev wfwË ¯^iƒc| Gwiqym Zvi hvRKxq Awf‡l‡Ki ci Avevi Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvq wd‡i hvb|

Gwiqy‡mi wk¶v

Gwiqy‡mi åvšÍ ag©gZ Gixqev` wnmv‡e cwiwPZ hv Bû`x gZev`, me©`k©b msMÖnev` (DËgUv c”Q›` Kiv), Ges K~UZK© (wg_¨v hyw³) GB wZb As‡ki Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V|

Gwiqym wb‡gœi GB 4wU wel‡q wk¶v w`‡Zb

 1| Ck¦i cyÎ wcZvi m‡½ GKB mË¡vi AwaKvix bv|

2| Ck¦i cyÎ wcZvi mgK¶ bv|

3| Ck¦i cyÎ wcZvi m‡½ AbšÍKvjxb bv|

4| Ck¦i cyÎ m„ó Zvn‡j wZwb Ck¦i bb|

hLb Gwiqym Dc‡`k g †_‡K gvbyl hv ï‡bwb G ai‡bi åvšÍ wk¶v w`‡Z ïi“ Ki‡jb ZLb K‡qKRb †jvK Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi wekc, Av‡jKRvÊvi‡K Awf‡hvM Kij| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wek‡ci cÖavb KvR wQj Gwiqy‡mi gyL †_‡K hxïi weq‡l bZzb wk¶v ïbvi Rb¨ wKQz wekc Ges hvRK‡`i wb‡q GKwU wgwUs WvKv| RbZvi m¤§y‡L, Gwiqym civwRZ nj| Zv‡K wZi¯‹vi Kiv n‡jv Ges ejv nj †h wZwb gÊjx‡Z Avi evYx cÖPvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Gwiqym, GLb wgk‡ii evB‡i mg_©b LuR‡Z jvM‡jb| BwZg‡a¨, wekc Av‡jKRvÛvi Zvi Aaxš’ mg¯Í wekc‡`i wb‡q GKwU wgwUs WvK‡jb; Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvq 100 Rb Gwiqy‡mi åvšÍ wk¶v‡K PovšÍiƒ‡c wb›`v K‡ib| 100 Rb wek‡ci g‡a¨ 98 Rb wekcB Gwiqy‡mi wei“‡× †fvU w`‡jb| †mLv‡b wKQz hvRK‡`i mv‡_ `yRb mg_©bKvix‡K Zv‡`i m¤§vwbZ Avmb †_‡K miv‡bv nj|

     Gwiqym, cvwj‡q c¨v‡j÷vB‡b hvb Zvi cyivb eÜz Ges K¬vm‡gU, wmRvwiqvi wekc, BDmyweqv‡mi Kv‡Q| GLvb †_‡KB Gwiqym jywmqvb ¯‹z‡ji mKj cyivb eÜz‡`i Kv‡Q Zvi c‡¶ `uvov‡Z wPwV wj‡Lb| wZwb Zvi c‡Î ïi“‡Z eÜz‡`i KvQ †_‡K mg_©b †c‡Z Zvi m½x‡`i wcÖq Òjywmqvwb÷Ó e‡j m‡¤^vab K‡ib| gvÎ GKRb Gwiqy‡mi c‡¶ `vwo‡q wQ‡jb wZwb n‡jb wb‡Kvwgw`qvi wekc| GB weck mgªv‡Ui †evb Kb&óvbwUbvi mvnvh¨ wb‡q Zvi Aax‡b mg¯Í wekc‡` wb‡q GKwU wgwUs WvK‡jb Ges Zv‡`i‡K Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi wekc, Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Kv‡Q Gwiqym‡K cybtcÖwZwôZ Kivi `vwe †P‡q wPwV wjL‡Z †Rvi Ki‡jb|

      325 Lªxó‡ãi gvP© gv‡m Kbóv›UvBb gÊjxi mg¯Í wekc‡`i cÎ wjL‡jb c‡Î mevB‡K †g gv‡mi gvSvgvwS‡Z wbwmqvq Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z ej‡jb, Lªxó‡K wb‡q Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi hvRK Gwiqy‡mi `vwe‡K wN‡i †h gZwe‡iva, weZ©K Zvi †hb GKUv myôz mgvavb Kiv hvq| wZwb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z †cvc wmj‡f÷vi‡K GKwU we‡kl wbgš¿Y cÎ w`‡jb| c~‡e© †hgb ejv n‡q‡Q †g gv‡mi 20 Zvwi‡L wbwmqvi MÖx¤§Kvjxb RvqMvq 314 Rb wekc GKwÎZ wQ‡jb| †cvc LyeB e„× Ges Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y gnvmfvq †hvM w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|  wKš‘ `yRb †ivgvb hvRK Zuvi c‡¶ cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib| cÖ_g w`‡bB, Gwiqy‡mi wk¶v cix¶v K‡i †`Lv nj| hLb B‡jKkb Kiv nj ZLb 292 RbB Gwiqym‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kivi Rb¨ †fvU w`j Ges 22 Rb AviI weqlwU hvPvB evQvB Ki‡eb e‡j w¯’i Ki‡jb| 

     `ymßvn c‡i wek¦v‡mi †h m~ÎUv wekciv wj‡LwQ‡jb Zvi GKwU Kwc mgªv‡Ui nv‡Z †`b| GUv †c‡q wZwb Lye Avbvw›`Z n‡jb| GUv cov nj Ges G‡Z AskMÖnYKvix mK‡ji Øviv Zv Aby‡gvw`Z nj| wek¦v‡mi GB bZzb m~ÎwU wbwmqv wek¦vm gš¿ bv‡g cwiwPZ, hv Avgiv iweev‡ii cweÎ Lªxóhv‡M I gnvc‡e© D”PviY Kwi ev ¯^xKvi Kwi| †hfv‡e Zv cov nq|

     ÒGK ci‡gk¦i, me©kw³gvb wcZv, ¯^M©g‡Z©i `„k¨-A`„k¨ mg‡¯Íi m„wóKZ©vq Avwg wek¦vm Kwi| Avwg wek¦vm Kwi GK cÖfy hxï Lªx‡ó, ci‡gk¦‡ii GKgvÎ-RvZ cyÎ, Ges me©hy‡Mi c~‡e© wcZv n‡Z RvZ| ci‡gk¦i n‡Z ci‡gk¦i, †R¨vwZ †_‡K †R¨vwZ, m‡Z¨k¦i n‡Z m‡Z¨k¦i| wZwb RvZ, m„ó bb, wcZvi m‡½ Awfbœ-¯^iƒc, Zuvi Øviv mg¯ÍB nj m„ó| gvbeRvwZ Avgv‡`i Rb¨ Ges Avgv‡`i wb¯Ív‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^M© †_‡K Ae‡ivnY Ki‡jb, Ges cweÎ AvZ¥vi cÖfv‡e Kzgvix gvixqvi M‡f© †`naviY K‡i Rš§v‡jb Ges gvbyl n‡jb| wZwb †cvwšÍq wcjv‡Zi kvmbKv‡j Avgv‡`i Rb¨ µzkwe× n‡jb, hvZbv‡fvM Ki‡jb I mgvwa¯’ n‡jb| kv¯¿-Abymv‡i Z…Zwq w`e‡m cybi“Ìvb Ki‡jb; Ges ¯^‡M© Av‡ivnY Ki‡jb I wcZvi `w¶Y cv‡k¦© Dcweó Av‡Qb| wZwb RxweZ I g„Z‡`i wePviv‡_© m‡MŠi‡e cybivMgb Ki‡eb Zuvi ivR‡Z¡i †kl n‡e bv| Avwg wek¦vm Kwi cÖfy I Rxeb`vqx cweÎ AvZ¥vq| wKš‘, hviv ej‡e, GK`v wZwb wQ‡jb bv, Zvi es‡ki Av‡M wZwb wQ‡jb bv, A_ev, wZwb †Kvb wKQzB †_‡K Av‡mbwb, A_ev, hviv †Rvi w`‡q e‡j †h, Ck¦‡ii cyÎ wewfbœ mg mËv †_‡K Av‡mbwb A_ev, wZwb GKwU m„wó gvÎ A_ev, wZwb cwieZ©kxj, A_ev cwieZ©b m¤¢e Zvn‡j K¨v_wjK gÊjx Zv‡K gÊjxPz¨Z Ki‡eb|Ó

     hLb wek¦vm g‡š¿i Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nj ZLb Gi c‡¶ 312 Rb mg_©b ev †fvU †`b wKš‘ `yRb wekc Zv‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡Z cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib| Gwiqym, Zvi hvRK‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡Z mvBb w`‡Z cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib| mgªvU `yRb wekc, Gwiqym‡K Ges †h mKj hvRK Zvi wei“‡× `vwo‡q wQ‡jb Zv‡`i †`vlx mve¨¯Í K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i wbev©m‡b cvVvb| Gwiqym wnm‡Uvwiqvb‡`i Kv‡Q GKRb hyeK wWKb bvg Av_vbvwmDm, whwb Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi wek‡ci c‡¶ 1g wbwmqv ag©mfvi g~j e³v wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| GB wWKb c‡i Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi wekc nb Ges Gwiqy‡mi gZev‡`i wei“‡× hy× K‡ib| mvay Av_vbvwmDKm‡K gÐjxi GKRb AvPvh© wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|

gÐjxi 1g wbwmqv gnv ag©mfvq M„nxZ wm×všÍ mg~n

1| cÖ_gwU n‡”Q †jKvcwj‡mi wekc †g‡jZz‡mi we‡`ªvn| wZwb gnvmfvq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| wZwb KÝUvbUvB‡bi Kv‡Q Av‡e`b K‡ib hv‡Z wekcMY Zvi weqlwU we‡ePbv K‡ib Ges †`‡Lb| Zviv †g‡jZzm‡K gÊjxPzZ¨ K‡ib Ges Avm‡jB wZwb wQ‡jb fyj ev Zvi wk¶v wQj åvšÍ| wKš‘ mwZ¨Kvi Lªxwóq †cª‡g, gÊjx‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z Zv‡K mnR Dcvq ev c_ †`Lv‡bv nq| Zvi wekcxq ¶gZvq Zv‡K Avevi envj Kiv nq| hvB †nvK Zv‡K wekc A_ev hvRK Awf‡lK w`‡Z wb‡la Kiv nq| wZwb hv‡`i Awf‡lK w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i cybivq Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi wek‡ci Aax‡b Awf‡lK †`Iqv nq|

2| cv¯‹vi w`b ZvwiL wb‡q †h mgm¨v Zv mgvavb Kiv nq| gnvmfv wb‡`©kbv †`b †h, cv¯‹vc‡e©i ZvwiL MYbvq †ivgvb K¨v‡jÛvi Aek¨B e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Bû`x‡`i K¨v‡jÛvi bq|

3| hviv wekc A_ev hvRK wnmv‡e Awfwl³ nIqvi c‡i mv¤cÖwZK wbh©vZ‡bi mgq ¯^ag©Z¨vM K‡iwQj Zv‡`i †mB c_ †_‡K Acmvib K‡i mvaviY RbM‡Yi ch©v‡q bvgv‡bv nq|

4| mvaviY RbMb hviv wbh©vZ‡bi mgq ¯^ag©Z¨vM K‡i‡Qb Zviv cweÎ Kzwgwbqb MÖnY Kivi c‡e© Aek¨B 12 eQi a‡i AbyZvc Ki‡eb| g„Zz¨ m¤¢ebvc~Y© wec‡`i g‡a¨ GKB Lv`¨ I cvwb †`Iqv DwPZ|

5| †hme `x¶vcÖv_x© wek¦v‡mi c_ †_‡K m‡i †M‡Qb Zv‡`i evw߯§ MÖnY Kivi c‡e© 3 eQi AbyZvc Ki‡Z n‡e|

6| †hme ˆmwb‡Kiv gÊjx‡Z wbh©vZ‡bi mgq Aviwg‡`i `‡j †hvM †`b Zv‡`i Kwgwbqb MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© 13 eQi AbyZvc Ki‡Z n‡e|

7| ag©gZ we‡ivax bfvwmqv‡bi Abymvix hviv (whwb wk¶v w`‡Zb †h gÊjxi †Kvb AwaKvi †bB ¯^ag©Z¨vMx, nZ¨vKvix Ges e¨vwfPviKvix‡`i cvc ¶gv Kivi| Zvi g‡Z wØZxq we‡q wQj cvcc~Y©), Zv‡`i ¶gvi Rb¨ mnR Dcvq †`Iqv nq| wbwmqv wek¦vm g‡š¿ `ywU wPü wQj, †hLv‡b wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq we‡qi AbygwZ wQj Ges mKj cÖKvi cv‡ci ¶gvq wek¦vm Kiv nq|

8| Zvici mgvmZvi cj‡K wb‡q †h mgm¨v Zv †`Lv nq| wZwb GKRb wekc wQ‡jb whwb AvwšÍ‡qvK gÊjxi kvmbfvi wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb wk¶v w`‡Zb †h cweÎ w·Ëi g‡a¨ †Kvb wZb e¨w³ †bB| Zvi Abymvix‡`i cybivq evw߯§ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq KviY wZwb ïaygvÎ wcZvi bv‡gB evw߯§ w`‡qwQ‡jb|

9| hviv mšÍvb Drcv`‡bi ¶gZv nib K‡i‡Qb mv¤cÖwZK Lªxówek¦vm jvf K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i Awfwl³ Kiv DwPZ bv| GKRb wekc `vov‡jb Ges ej‡jb, MZKvj‡K GKRb `x¶vcÖv_x©, AvR‡K GKRb wekc, mܨv‡ejvq mviKvm †Ljvq, c‡ii w`b mKv‡j †e`xg‡Â, GKeQi c~‡e© †KŠZzKnjx e¨w³ Ges †ek¨v‡`i cÖwZcvjK Ges GLb Kzgix‡`i eªZ MÖnY Kiv ZLb wZwb Lªx‡ói cÖwZg~wZ© n‡Z cv‡ib bv Ges Zv gÊjxi wbqg n‡Z cv‡i bv|

10| GKRb wekc AviGKRb wek‡ci ¯’v‡b wM‡q Zvi AbygwZ Qvov hvRK Awf‡lK w`‡Z cvi‡eb bv|

11| †Kvb wekc, hvRK A_ev wWKb GK ag©cÖ‡`k †_‡K Ab¨ ag©cÖ‡`‡k †h‡Z cvi‡e bv| Zvi wbR ag©cÖ‡`‡ki AbygwZ Qvov|

12| hvRKiv ‡jvb †`Iqv UvKvi Dci †Kvb my` wb‡Z cvi‡e bv| hw` Zviv Zv K‡i Z‡e Aek¨B evwZj Kiv n‡e|

13| cÖ‡Z¨K wekc Zvi wbR¯^ ag©cÖ‡`k wb‡q _vK‡e Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi, AvwšÍ‡qvK Ges †hi“mv‡jg wekc‡`i `vwqZ¡ †`Iqv nq|

      Gfv‡e gnvmfvi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ mgvß nq| gnvmfvi †kl †mKkbwU Ryb gv‡mi 19 Zvwi‡L 325 Lªxóv‡ã AbywôZ nq| GKgvm c‡iB Zv AbywôZ n‡qwQj| Hiv‡Z mgªvU Zvi evMvb evwo‡Z ivRKxq Lvevi-`vevi Øviv wekc‡`i Lywk K‡iwQ‡jb| c‡ii w`b, Ryb gv‡mi 20 Zvwi‡L wekciv wbR wbR evwo‡Z P‡j hvb| Gfv‡eB gÊjxi cÖ_g mvaviY ag©gnvmfv mgvß nq, hv gÊjxi BwZnv‡m wbwmqvi gnvmfv wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|

K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi

1| Thomas, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, Bangalore, St. Pauls Press, 2000.

2| Kung, Hans: The Council, Reform and Reunion, New York, Sheed and Ward, 1961.

3| Hughes, Philip: The Church in Crisis, A History of the General Councils, New York, Image Books, 1964.

cÖ_g Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj ag©gnvmfv (381 Lªxóvã)

Rb †Rgm& cvDwiqv

Lªxó gÊjx BwZnv‡m Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj gnvmfv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| hv AbywôZ nq 381 Lªxóv‡ã Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj bvgK¯’v‡b | G‡Z 186 Rb cªv‡P¨i ag©cvj Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| ZLb †cv‡ci `vwqZ¡ wQ‡jb †cvc `vgvmvm Ges mgªvU wQ‡jb cÖ_g w_I‡Wvwmqvm| G gnvmfv AbywôZ nIqvi Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡qwQj åvšÍgZev` ÒgvwmWwbqvwbRgÓ| hv G gnvmfvq Av‡jvwPZ n‡q wek¦vmevYxi msÁv w`‡q Ges wcZv I cy‡Îi m‡½ cweÎ AvZ¥vi GKB mËv †NvlYv Kiv nq|  

gnvmfv 56 eQi c‡i, 381 Lªx: cÖvP¨ gÊjxi wcZ…MY Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj gnvmfvq wgwjZ nb| cÖ_g gnvmfvi †K›`ªxq e¨w³‡`i mK‡jiB g„Zz¨ N‡UwQj| mgªvU, gZåó A¨vwiDm Ges Zuvi A‡bK Abymvix †hgb Av‡jKRvÛvi, Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi wekc| mwZ¨B wK Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji gnmfvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj? GUv wK wbwmqvi gnvmfvi Kvi‡Y? wbwmqvi gš¿ gva¨‡g mwZ¨B wK AvB‡iwbR‡gi g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj? Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji gnvmfv Av‡jvPbv Kivi Av‡M GB cÖkœ¸‡jv Aek¨B we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e|

wbwmqv gnvmfvi c‡ii w`b, wbwmqv µx‡Ui ¯^v¶i ïb‡Z, bv ïb‡ZB , wZb wekc ( wbwmqvi ag©cvj, wb‡Kv‡gwWqv I KvjwmW‡bi) Avwiqvb gZev‡`i wei“‡× gnvmfvi wm×v‡šÍ wb‡R‡`i GKvZ¥Zv A¯^xKvi Ki‡j mgªvU Zv‡`i‡K †MÖßvi K‡ib Ges wbe©vm‡b cvVvb| 328 Lªx: Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi ag©cvj Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g„Zz¨i ci Zi“Y cwi‡meK Av_vbvwmqvm Zvi DËim~wi wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ nb|

Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi wekc wnmv‡e Zvi `xN© cvjKxq Rxe‡b GKvwaKevi †MÖßvi, wbhv©Zb, ¶zavZ©‡`i c¶ mg_©b, wbhv©Zb, Kvivevm I wbev©m‡bi Rb¨ Av‡jvwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| eZ©gv‡b Lªxóag© Ges gÊjx‡K †h i“‡c †`wL Zv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q GB gnvb ag©cv‡ji Z¨vM¯^xKv‡ii d‡j| 328 Lªx: ARvbv KviYekZ mgªvU wbwmqv, wb‡Kv‡gwWqv Ges K¨vjwmW‡bi ag©cvj‡`i wbev©mb †_‡K wdwi‡q Av‡bb Ges wbR wbR ag©cÖ‡`k cybivq envj K‡ib| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ KvjwmW‡bi ag©cvj, Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji ag©cvj wnmv‡e wb‡qvM cvb| BDmyweqvm 328 Lªx: †_‡K 334Lªx: g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ wb‡Ri ¶gZv e‡j wbwmqvi gnvmfvi wm×všÍ‡K evwZj Ki‡Z mewKQz K‡ib| Zvi cÖ_g Avµg‡Y ¯^xKvi nb AvwšÍ‡qv‡Ki ag©cvj hviv wbwmqvi gnvmfv Avwiqvb gZev‡`i wei“‡× wQ‡jb, wZwb wQ‡jb Zv‡`i †bZv|  Gi ARv‡šÍB Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji ag©cvj wb‡qv‡Mi GKwU mfvq wgwjZ n‡q ag©cvj BDmyweqvm‡K ewn¯‹vi K‡ib| mgªvU Awej‡¤^ Zv‡K wbe©vm‡b cvVvb| 332 Lªx: g‡a¨ Ab¨ bq Rb wek‡ci GKB `kv nq |

Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi Av_vbvwmDm AvwiDm Gi ‡Rviv‡jv mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| GRb¨ Bm~weqvm Zv‡K miv‡bvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi wekc wd‡i G‡mwQ‡jb| Zvici 334 Lªxóvã‡ã, Bm~weqv‡mi cÖ‡ivPbvq mgªvU AvwiDm‡K wbe©vmb †_‡K wdwi‡q Av‡bb| Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj bMievmxi c¶ †_‡K Zv‡K ivRKxqfv‡e eiY K‡i †bIqv nq| GK eQi c‡i Zvi wb‡Ri ˆZix wbq‡g gÊjxfy³ Kiv nq †hLv‡b Kbmve‡÷bwmqvj kãwU ev` c‡o| GKB eQ‡i Bm~weqvm kn‡ii wKQz msL¨K wekc‡`i wb‡q GKwU mfvi AvnŸvb K‡ib| wekcMY GB mfvq Av_vbvwmDm‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡ib Ges mgªvU Zv‡K wbe©vm‡b cvVvb|

BwZg‡a¨ Pvwiw`‡K, G¨vwiwbRg gZev‡`i Rq ev mvdj¨ Qwo‡q c‡owQj|  Av_vbvwmqym msev` †c‡qwQ‡jb †h, AvwiDm‡K mgªv‡Ui wb‡Ri kn‡i ivRKxqfv‡e gÊjx‡Z cybivq MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avm‡j, wZwb AvwiDm‡K Af¨_©bv Ki‡Z Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡j †h‡Z mgªv‡Ui KvQ †_‡K Av‡`k †c‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Av_vbvwmDm †h‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbvb Ges Zvi gZev‡`i mv‡_ _vK‡Z _vK‡Z †hb G ai‡Yi cwiw¯’wZi wPšÍv †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z cv‡ib|

336 Lªx: Ryb gv‡m †Kvb GK iweev‡i AvwiDm Kb›Uvw›U‡bvcj bM‡i cÖ‡ek K‡ib| iv¯ÍvNvU mw¾Z Kiv n‡qwQj Ges nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl mvwieÏ fv‡e `vuwo‡q Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji K¨vw_Wªvj MxR©vq AvwiD‡mi †MŠiegq cÖ‡ek †`LwQj| GLv‡b cÖKv‡k¨ AvP©wek‡ci KvQ †_‡K Zvi LªxócÖmv` MÖnY Kivi K_v wQj| K¨v_wjK Lªxóf³MY LªxócÖmv‡`i Aegvbbv †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ cÖv_©bv KiwQ‡jb| hvRKxq †cvkvK cwiwnZ AvwiDm A‡bK hvRK I wekc‡`i ms‡M RbM‡Yi mvg‡b G‡mwQ‡jb †hb wZwb Zv‡`i mgZzj¨| wKš‘ Kvw_Wªvj MxR©vq cÖ‡e‡ki Av‡MB wZwb gvwU‡Z c‡o g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Gi bq gvm c‡i mgªvU wb‡Ri g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ gÊjx Avwiqvb gZev‡`i AZ¨vPvi †_‡K gyw³ †c‡qwQj|

350 Lªxóv‡ã Kb÷v‡bi cyÎ Kb÷vwUDm cÖKv‡k¨ wbwmqv g‡š¿i mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges A¯^xKvi K‡ib| Kb÷vB‡bi g„Zz¨i c‡i Av_vbvwmDm wbe©vmb †_‡K wd‡i Av‡mb Ges Avevi wbe©vm‡b hvIqvi Dcµg wQ‡jb| †h mg¯Í wekcMY bZzb mgªv‡Ui wei“axZv Ki‡Zb  mgªvU Zv‡`i †MÖßvi Ki‡Zb Ges nq nZ¨v Ki‡Zb bq‡Zv KvivMv‡i e›`x K‡i ivL‡Zb| wbwmqv g‡š¿i gZev`‡K evwZj Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b G‡Ki ci mxbW AbywôZ nw”Qj, †hgb, Avi‡jm, wgjvb, mxiwgqvm Ges wmwjwmqv‡Z| GBfv‡e AvwiwbRg GZ e¨vcK fv‡e Qwo‡q c‡owQj †h, mvay ‡Rig e‡jb Ò GKw`b mviv wek¦ †R‡M D‡V †`Lj †m wb‡RB G¨vwiqvb|Ó

361 Lªxóv‡ã Kb÷vwUDm g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Zvi DËim~ix wQ‡jb ¯^ag© Z¨vMx Rywjqvb| Avivabv mgªvU c~Rv cÖ_v wdwi‡q Avbvi †Póv KiwQ‡jb| G Rb¨ wZwb K¨v_wjK Ges Avwiqvb Drm cš’x‡`i wbh©vZb K‡iwQ‡jb| mvay evwmj whwb G¨v‡_‡Ý mgªv‡Ui mncvVx wQ‡jb wZwb c~‡e© †hgb fwelrevYx K‡iwQ‡jb †ZgbwUB NUj, mgªvU GKwU ARvbv Zx‡ii AvNv‡Z gviv †M‡jb| gviv hvevi mgq wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb Ôhxï Zzwg weRqx n‡jÕ|

Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ ci ci Pvi Rb mgªvU AvMgb K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l 378 Lªxóv‡ã †¯úb †_‡K w_I‡Wwmqvm bv‡g GKRb K¨v_wjK †Rbv‡ij mgªvU c‡` AwawôZ nb| wZwb Rvb‡Zb †h, mgªv‡R¨ kvwšÍ wdwi‡q Avbvi GKgvÎ Dcvq nj , wbwmqv gnvmfvi wm×všÍmg~n Ges  cvj‡bi e¨vcv‡i K‡Vvi nIqv| GRb¨ cÖv‡P¨i wekc‡`i wb‡q GKUv gnvmfv Avnevb Kiv nj GKgvÎ wbwmqv µxW Ges cyÎ wcZv m`„k cybtcÖwZwóZ Kivi Rb¨|

381 Lªx: mgªv‡Ui kn‡i K¨vw_Wªv‡j gnvmfv AbywôZ nq | gnvmfv‡Z gvÎ 186 Rb wekc wQ‡jb| AvwšÍ‡qv‡Ki wekc g¨vjZvm gnvmfv cwiPvjbv K‡ib| †Mvovi w`‡K A‡bK evav wQj| KviY wKQz wKQz g¨vjZvm‡K mfvcwZ wnmv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z AvcwË Rvbvb| KviY g¨vjZvm wbqgvbymv‡i AvwšÍ‡qv‡Mi wekc wbe©vwPZ nb wb| cÖK…Z †¶‡Î GB kn‡ii mwZ¨Kv‡ii wekc wQ‡jb cÖ_g cwjbym hvi wbev©Pb †iv‡gi Aby‡gv`b wQj| KviY g¨vjZvm A‡bK wekc‡`i mg_©b jvf K‡iwQ‡jb GgbwK wZbRb mvay, mvay evwmj, wbmvi mvay †MÖMix, Ges mvay †MÖMix †bwRqvb‡Rb| hv †nvK , kvwšÍ cybcÖwZwóZ n‡qwQj | KviY gnvmfv ïi“ Av‡MB  g¨vjZv‡mi nVvr g„Zz¨ nq| ‡cvc `vgvmvm‡K gnvmfvi K_v Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ †h‡nZz wbwmqv gnvmfvi wm×v‡šÍ‡K Aby‡gv`b KivB wQj GKgvÎ Av‡jvP¨ m~wP, ZvB wZwb cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ KvD‡K cvVvb wb| Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji wekc †MÖMix bvwRqvb‡Rb mfv cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

cÖ_g K‡qKw`b gnvmfv g‡bv‡hvwM‡`i wbwmqv gš¿  Ges cyÎ wcZv m`„k kãwU cybtwe‡k­l‡Y Ges Zv mfvq Aby‡gv`b jvf K‡i|  wcZ…MY gvwmWwbqv‡mi welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| gvwmWwbqvm wQ‡jb Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji GKRb hvRK| 342 Lªxóv‡ãi ïi“‡Z wZwb wekc c‡` Awfwl³ nb Ges GKB eQi K¨v_wjK wekc †cvj wbe©vm‡b hvIqvi ciciB wZwb GB kn‡ii wekc c‡` AwawôZ nb| wZwb GK bZzb wk¶v w`‡Z ïi“ K‡ib hv gvwmWwbqvwbRg bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Zvi g‡Z cweÎ AvZ¥v gvÎ GKwU m„wó Ges †jvK‡`i hZœ †bIqvi Rb¨ GKRb `~Z gvÎ| GB Rb¨ wZwb Ck¦i bb|

†h‡nZz K¨v_wjK Ges Avwiqvb Dfq c¶B Zvi gZev‡`i we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj ZvB Dfqc¶‡KB wZwb wbh©vZb K‡i‡Z ïi“ K‡ib| hviv Zvi gZev‡`i we‡ivaxZv Ki‡Zb Zv‡`i‡K wZwb ïay ewn¯‹viB Ki‡Zb bv eis Kvivi× Ki‡Zb GgbwK wePvi‡Ki m¤§yLxbI Ki‡Zb| A‡bK †¶‡Î wZwb kvwiixKfv‡e wbh©vZb K‡i‡Qb GgbwK A‡bK MxRv©Ni aŸsm K‡i‡Qb| hZ`~i m¤¢e wZwb mgªvU Kb÷v›UvB‡bi mgvwai cweÎZv bó Ki‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb Kvib wZwb wbwmqv g‡š¿i g~‡j wQ‡jb|

‡kl chšÍ Zv‡K ewn¯‹vi Kiv nq Ges gvwmWwbqvb‡K Zxeª wb›`v Rvbv‡bv nq| mvay evwm‡ji Aby‡iv‡a, Zvi fvB Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji AvP© wekc gvwmWwbqv‡mi wk¶v‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡i GKwU eB †j‡Lb| GLb Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji gnvmfvi wcZ…MY gvwm‡Wvwbqv‡mi welqUv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ïi“ Ki‡jb| Zvi wk¶v‡K åvšÍ †NvlYv K‡i, cweÎ AvZ¥v‡K h_vh_fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ bZzb GKwU wee„wZ iPbv K‡ib| ÒAvgiv cweÎ AvZ¥vq wek¦vm Kwi , Rxeb`vqx Ck¦i, whwb wcZv I cyÎ †_‡K Avn~Z, whwb cÖe³v‡`i gva¨‡g K_v e‡jb, Ges cweÎ K¨v_wjK gÊjx I ˆcÖwiwZK gÊjx‡Z Avgiv wek¦vm Kwi| kix‡ii cybiæÌvb Ges c„w_ex‡Z bZzb Rxeb AvMg‡bi cÖwZ¶vq AvwQ|Ó GB AskUzKz wbwmqvb µx‡W ms‡hvRb Kiv nq Ges gnvmfv G¨v‡cvwjbvwi‡mi welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| G¨v‡cvwjbvwim wQ‡jb| †jvwWwmqvi wekc, wZwb ej‡Zb hxï ïay Ck¦i wQ‡jb gvbyl bq| wZwb wQ‡jb †R¨ô G¨v‡cvwjbvwi‡mi cyÎ whwb wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci H kn‡ii wekc c‡` AwawôZ nb| Zvi gZev`‡K evwZj Kiv nq Ges c` †Q‡o w`‡q Zv‡K wb‡Ri ¯’v‡b wd‡i †h‡Z ejv nq| wZwb GB wm×všÍ‡K cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib Ges 392 Lªxóv‡ã †Kvbiƒc AbyZvc QvovB gviv hvb| Gevi wcZ…MY, g¨vw·gv‡mi Av‡e`b wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib, whwb mvay †MÖMix bvwRqvb‡R‡bi we‡ivax wnmv‡e †Mvc‡b Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji ag©cvj wnmv‡e Awfwl³ n‡qwQ‡jb| gnvmfv g¨vw·gvm‡K mvaviY Lªxóf³ wnmv‡e †NvlYv †`b Ges cÖvqwðË Kivi Av‡`k †`b|

Ae‡k‡l GB gnvmfv wm×všÍ nq †h, Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji wekc, †iv‡gi wek‡ci c‡iB me©m¤§v‡bi AwaKvix n‡eb KviY Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj n‡jv wØZxq bZzb †ivg| 381 Lªxóv‡ãi 9 RyjvB gnvmfv mgvß nq|

mnvqK MÖš’

1| Kg‡e, †Rb, Kgj Gb K¯Ív (Abyev`K),: gÊjxi BwZnvm cwiwPwZ, RvZxq ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwkÿY †K›`ª, h‡kvi 2001|

2| gv‡iwË, G. †gvbwmMv‡bvwi : Lªxóq mfvi mvaviY BwZnvm, 1g LÛ, Kv_wjK Aidvb, KjKvZv 1892|

3 | The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2003, v. 3, s.v. ‘Council of Constantinople I’, by R. Aubert.

4| Thomas, P. : General Councils of the Church, Bangalore 2010.

G‡dmym gnvmfv (431 Lªxóvã)

wgVz †jbvW© cvjgv

gÐjxi Z…Zxq mvaviY gnvmfv AbywôZ nq G‡dmym bM‡i| mfvi AvnŸvb K‡ib m¤ªvU w_I‡WwmDm (Theodacious) | G mfvi cÖavb KviY wQj gvixqv Ô Ck¦i Rbbx Õ G wek¦vm‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi d‡j| welqwU wb‡q Av‡jK‡Rw›`ªqvi wek‡ci mv‡_ K÷vbwUbcj-Gi wekc †b‡óvwiqvm (Nestorious) Gi Ø›` nq|

‡b‡óvwiqvm

†b‡óvwiqvm wmwiqv †`‡ki AvwšÍ‡qvK bM‡i Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib Ges Zvi evj¨wkÿv wZwb jvf K‡ib G‡dmym bM‡ii g‡Vi mbœvmx‡`i KvQ †_‡K| gvÎ 24 eQi eq‡m wZwb GKRb mbœvmx nb Ges cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡K K÷vbwUbcj kn‡i cvVv‡bv nq †hLv‡b wZwb mbœvmx I hvRK‡`i kv‡š¿i Dci wkÿv w`‡Zb| ‡mLvbKvi wekc Zvi cÖPv‡ii K_v Rvb‡Z †c‡i iweevi w`b¸‡jv‡Z K¨vw_Wªvj MxR©vq Zv‡K wkÿv †`Iqvi Rb¨ WvK‡Zb| cÖvq Pvi eQi a‡i wZwb †mLv‡b wkÿv w`‡Z _v‡Kb| †mLvbKvi m¤ªvU Ges Zvi cÖwZwbwaiv wg‡j lohš¿ K‡i †mLvbKvi AvP©wekc wµP¯Íg †K wbe©vm‡b cvVvb Ges Zvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z AvwZKzm (Atticus) bv‡g GKRb mvaviY e¨w³‡K wekc wnmv‡e wb‡qvM †`b| wKš‘ Gi wKQzw`b c‡i Zvi g„Zz¨ nq| cieZ©x‡Z mbœvmx †b‡÷vwiqvm‡K wekc wnmv‡e g‡bvbqb †`Iqv nq| Zvi Awf‡l‡Ki w`b wZwb Zvi Dc‡`‡ki mgq mg¯Í RbZvi mvg‡b cÖPvi K‡ib †h wZwb K÷vbwUbcj-‡K mK‡ji mvg‡b GKwU `„óvšÍmiƒc gÐjx wnmv‡e Zz‡j ai‡eb Ges †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbiZ mKj åvšÍwkÿv I gZev`‡K wZwb cªwZnZ Ki‡eb| Zvi c`vwf‡l‡Ki GK mßv‡ni g‡a¨ wZwb Gwiqvb gÐjx‡K weåvwšÍ m„wóKvix e‡j Awfhy³ K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i aŸsk K‡ib| G e¨cv‡i wZwb cieZ©x‡Z †cvc‡K wPwV w`‡q AeMZ K‡ib| wKš‘ †mB wPwVi †Kvb DËi Av‡mwb| Gi GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ wekc †b‡÷vwiqvm wb‡R‡K K÷vbwUbcj kn‡ii GKRb cªwZwôZ wekc wnmv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|

åvšÍ wkÿvi cÖPvi

†Kvb GK iweevi †b‡÷vwiqvm K¨vw_Wªvj wMR©vq Zvi Dc‡`‡k Lªx‡ói e¨w³Z¡ wb‡q K_v e‡jb| wZwb e‡jb †h Ô Lªxó wQ‡jb `yB e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix A_©vr Ôgvbe e¨w³Õ I ÔHk e¨w³Õ| Zvi g‡Z Ôgvbe hxï gvixqvi ga¨¯ÍZvq Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib Ges µz‡ki Dci g„Zz¨eiY K‡ibÕ| Zvi G bZzb wkÿv mevi Kv‡Q GgbwK mvaviY RbZvi g‡a¨I weåvwšÍi m„wó K‡i| †Kbbv gÐjx AeMZ wQj †h Lªxó n‡jb GKK e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix A_©vr ÔHke¨w³Õ| Hk e¨w³ wn‡m‡e Zvi wØ-¯^fve wQj Zv n‡”Q Hk ¯^fve I gvbe ¯^fve| GB åvšÍ aviYvi cÖfve wM‡q eZ©vq gv gvixqvi Dci| †Kbbv †b‡÷vwiqv‡mi g‡Z gvixqv wQ‡jb †KejgvÎ gvbe hxïi gv A_©vr ab¨v gvixqv Ck¦i Rbbx bb| H w`bB wZwb Zvi ag©wek¦vmx‡`i e‡jb †h gvixqv ÔCk¦i RbbxÕ GB wkÿv åvšÍ| Avi ZvB †Kvb f³ wek¦vmx, hvRKMY GgbwK wekcMYI ‡hb gvixqv‡K ÔCk¦i RbbxÕ e‡j AwfwnZ bv K‡ib| GB NUbvi ci ciB ‡b‡÷vwiqvm †cvc †m‡jóvBb‡K GK wPwVi ga¨ w`‡q gÐjxi Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© AeMZ K‡ib| wPwV‡Z wZwb wj‡Lb Ò cy‡ivwnZ, wekc Ges Lªxóf³‡`i g‡a¨ ÔLªxó I Zvi ¯^fveÕ wb‡q wKQzUv fzj †evSveywS I åvšÍ aviYv Av‡Q| wZwb AviI wj‡Lb †h Lªxóf³MY AÜfv‡eB wek¦vm K‡ib †h ÔLªxó GKB mgq wQ‡jb gvbe I Ck¦i Ges Ck¦i Rb¥ wb‡q‡Qb, g„Zz¨eiY K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡K mgvwa †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ó| †mB mv‡_ gvixqv †h Ck¦i Rbbx Zviv G K_vI e‡j _v‡Kb| ZvB wZwb G ai‡bi åvšÍwkÿv cÖPvi m¤ú~Y© wbwl× K‡ib Ges Gi Rb¨ A‡bK‡K kvwšÍ GgbwK gÐjx †_‡K ewn®‹viI K‡ib|

K÷vbwUbcj †_‡K †iv‡gi h‡_ó `~i‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y ‡b‡óvwiqvm-Gi wPwV †cuŠQ‡Z cÖvq Qq gvm mgq †j‡M hvq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ K÷vbwUbcj †_‡K K‡qKRb wekc I mbœvmxMY Av‡jK‡Rw›`ªqvi  wekc wmwij Gi Kv‡Q hvb , hv‡Z K‡i †b‡óvwiqv‡mi åvšÍ wkÿvi welqwU wb‡q Avjvc I we‡ePbv  Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB NUbv †kvbv gvÎB wekc wmwij Zvi wKQz `ÿ mbœvmx‡`i m‡½ †b‡óvwiqv‡mi wkÿvi welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|  Av‡jvPbvi †k‡l wZwb Ck¦i Rbbx gvixqvi wel‡q gÛjxi HwZn¨evnx wkÿv I Gi mZ¨Zv mg‡Ü wjwLZ AvKv‡i GKwU †QvÆ cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvk K‡ib, †hLv‡b †jLv wQj ÔLªxó GKK e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvixÕ  wQ‡jb (Hk¦e¨w³)| wKš‘ Zvi g‡a¨ `ywU ¯^fve, A_©vr Hk¯^fve I gvbe ¯^fve| Ab¨w`‡K ab¨v gvixqvi ga¨ w`‡q Hk¦LªxóB Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib Avi gvixqv n‡”Qb mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B Ck¦i Rbbx|

G cy¯ÍKwU wekc wmwij KÝóvbwU‡bvcjm  Gi wekc‡`i Kv‡Q cvVvb †hLv‡b gÛjxi HwZn¨evnx wkÿv A_v©r hxï †h GKgvÎ Ck¦‡ii cyΠ Ges wØ-¯^fv‡ei AwaKix Avi ab¨v gvixqvi †h mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B Ck¦i Rbbx G welqwU wjwce× _v‡K| wZwb e¨w³MZ fv‡e  †b‡óvwiqvm‡KI GKB wel‡q wj‡L cvVvb  hv‡Z wZwb Zvi e¨w³MZ åvšÍ wkÿv‡K cwinvi K‡i mZ¨ I mwVK wkÿv gÛjx‡Z cÖPvi K‡ib|

‡b‡óvwiqv‡mi cÖwZwµqv

†b‡÷vwiqvm `ªæZB wekc wmwij Gi wPwVi cÖwZDËi K‡ib Ges e‡jb, ÔLªxó I gvixqv mg‡Ü wkÿvi †Kvb HwZn¨evnx wkÿv bv Ges Zvi wkÿv g½jmgvPv‡ii Dco wfwË K‡iB| wZwb GgbwK wekc wmwij‡K fxZ Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib GB e‡jb †h, ¯^qs m¤ªvU Zvi c‡ÿ Av‡Qb| cieZx©‡Z wekc wmwij KbóvbwU‡bvcj Ges Zvi Av`vj‡Zi Kv‡Q †b‡óvwiqv‡mi åvšÍ wkÿvi wel‡q wj‡L cvVvb Ges Zvi GjvKvq cÖvq 100 Rb wekc‡K wb‡q GB wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Gici wZwb †cvc †m‡jóvBb‡K †b‡óvwiqv‡mi fzj wkÿv m¤^‡Ü c‡Îi gva¨‡g AeMZ K‡ib|

wekc wmwij Gi cÎ cvIqvi ci †cvc Zvi HkZË¡we`‡`i m‡½ e‡m welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges †b‡óvwiqv‡mi wkÿv‡K åvšÍ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib ZvB Gi gxgvsmv Ki‡Z wekc wmwij‡K ØvwqZ¡ I ÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| &Ab¨w`‡K †b‡óvwiqvm‡K 10 w`‡bi mgq †`Iqv nq Zvi welqwU wb‡q cyb©we‡ePbv Ki‡Z Ges Zvi g‡Zi cwieZ©b bv n‡j wekc Gi c` †_‡K Zv‡K ewn:®‹vi Kivi ûgwK †`Iqv nq| wekc wmwij Zvi Awab¯Í 4 Rb wekc‡K †b‡óvwiqv‡mi Kv‡Q cvVvb Ges m‡½ Ò Lªx‡ói e¨w³Z¡ I Ck¦‡ii Rbbx gvixqvi Ó mg‡Ü ev‡ivwU kZ© wj‡L cvVvb †hLv‡b Zv‡K ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z ejv nq| wKš‘ †b‡óvwiqvm Zv‡`i †nq K‡i AvwšÍ‡qv‡K Zvi evj¨eÜz wekc †hvnb-Gi Kv‡Q P‡j hvb Ges Zvi KvQ †_‡K mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡ib hv‡Z K‡i wekc wmwij Gi Kvh©µg eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wbR GjvKvq wd‡i †b‡óvwiqvm m¤ªvU‡K nvZ K‡ib Ges c~e© GjvKvi mKj wekc‡`i GKwÎZ nIqvi Rb¨ mfvi AvnŸvb K‡ib, hvi ¯’vb wbe©vPb Kiv nq G‡dmym Ges w`bwU wQj cÂvmßgx c‡e©i w`b A_©vr Ryb 7, 431 Lªxóvã| Gw`‡K wekc †b‡óvwiqvm PvjvKx K‡i †cv‡ci Kv‡Q wekc wmwij Gi wel‡q wj‡Lb †h Ò Avgv‡`i wek¦vm ûgwKi m¤§yLxb hvi KviY n‡jb wekc wmwij Avi †mB welqwUB gxgvsmv Ki‡Z m¤ªvU wekc‡`i mfv †W‡K‡Qb|Ó Ab¨w`‡K wekc wmwijI wKfv‡e Zvi wekc‡`i ‡b‡óvwiqvm AeÑ K‡i‡Qb Zv †cvc‡K Rvbvb| wKš‘ ‡cvc †b‡óvwiqv‡mi gb cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ AviI wKQz mgq I my‡hvM †`b| †cvc mfvq Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z bv cvivq Zvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z `yB Rb wekc I GKRb cy‡ivwnZ †cÖiY K‡ib| Zv‡`i m‡½ GKwU cÎ cvVv‡bv nq †hLv‡b †jLv wQj-Ò cweÎ kni G‡dmym, hv ab¨v gvixqv, mvay †hvnb I mvay c‡ji Øviv cweÎxK…Z, ZvB gÐjxi wek¦v‡mi welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kivi mgq Zviv †hb mZK© _v‡Kb|Ó c‡Îi †k‡l wZwb wj‡Lb †h ab¨v gvixqvi m¤§vb I gh©v`v †hb Aÿzbœ ivLv nq| 

mfvi Kvh©µg

cÂvmßgx c‡e©i w`b 250 Rb wekc G‡dmym-G wgwjZ nb| Zviv †mLvbKvi wekc †gbb-‡K mfvcwZ wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ K‡ib| wewea Kvi‡Y mfvi ZvwiL cwieZ©b Kiv nq Ges mfvq Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb 159 Rb wekc| Zviv wekc wmwij-‡K mfv cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ †`b| †b‡óvwiqvm †mLv‡b Abycw¯’Z _v‡Kb| ZvB Zvi Abycw¯’wZ‡ZB Av‡jvPbv Pj‡Z _v‡K| cÖ_g †h welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv n‡”Q †b‡óvwiqv‡mi åvšÍwkÿv| ‡mLv‡b †b‡óvwiqv‡mi åvšÍ wkÿvi welqwU cÖwZ‡e`b AvKv‡i cvV Kiv nq Ges wekc wmwij Gi wjwLZ cÎ I †cv‡ci cÎ cvV K‡i †kvbv‡bv nq| †mLv‡b wbwmqvb wek¦vm gš¿ cvV Kiv nq Ges wekc †b‡óvwiqv‡mi weiæ‡× wjwLZ 2 wU Gbv‡_gv Gi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z 125 Rb wekc wek¦vm g‡š¿i mg_©b K‡ib Ges evKxiv Gi wKQzUv cwi- eZ©b †`L‡Z Pvb| nVvr GK AcÖZ¨vwkZ NUbv N‡U, †mB mfvi GKRb wekc `vwo‡q wPrKvi K‡i e‡jb Ô†h †b‡óvwiqvm I Zvi åvšÍ wkÿvi weiæ‡× bq †mB Awfhy³  †nvKÕ| mKj wekc `uvwo‡q Zvi AvnŸv‡b mvov †`b Ges †b‡óvwiqvm I Zvi åvšÍ wkÿvi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib evwK 34 Rb wekc †mB iv‡q ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib | cwiw¯’wZ kvšÍ n‡j G‡K G‡K †cv‡ci cÎ I †b‡óvwiqv‡mi Kv‡Q †jLv wekc wmwij Gi cÎwUI cvV Kiv nq | Gi ci ab¨v gvixqvi †ÿ‡Î Ck¦i Rbbx (Theotokos) c`exwU Dchy³ I mZ¨ e‡j ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nq|  ‡b‡óvwiqvm‡K Zvi `vwqZ¡ †_‡K ewnw®‹vi Kiv nq|

‡Nvlbv

BwZg‡a¨ ivZ n‡q hvq Gw`‡K evB‡i G‡dmym RbgÛjx mfvi djvdj †kvbvi Rb¨ Um© (Torce) nv‡Z Aaxi AvMÖ‡n A‡cÿv K‡ib| wekc wmwij mfvi djvdj †Nvlbv K‡ib, Zvi cª_g evK¨wU wQj w_I‡UvKm (Theotokos) A_©vr ab¨v gvixqv Ck¦i Rbbx| G †Nvlbvq Lªxóf³MY Avb‡›` AvZ¥nviv n‡q c‡ob Ges †Rvi Mjvq gvixqvi cÖksmvMxwZ MvB‡Z _v‡Kb | Gi Qq w`b ci AvwšÍ‡qv‡Ki wekcMY Dcw¯’Z n‡j wekc wmwij mfvi djvdj m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i AeMZ K‡ib wKš‘ AvwšÍ‡qv‡Ki wekc †hvnb I Ab¨vb¨iv Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mfv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wekc wmwij I G‡dmy‡mi wekc‡`i Awfhy³ K‡ib †mB mv‡_ m¤vªU‡K AveviI mfvi AvnŸvb Ki‡Z Aby‡iva K‡ib| mfvq †cv‡ci cÖwZwbwa †cv‡ci cvVv‡bv GKwU cÎ c‡o †kvbvb, †hLv‡b wZwb †b‡óvwiqvm I Zvi gZev`‡K åvšÍ e‡j Awfhy³ K‡ib| G K_v ï‡b Dcw¯’Z wekcMY wPrKvi K‡i e‡jb, Ô‡cvc †m‡jóvBb Avgv‡`i bZyb wcZi Ges wekc wmwij n‡jb bZzb cjÕ| AvwšÍ‡qv‡Ki wekc †hvnb‡K ci ci wZbevi †mB cÎbvgvq ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z ejv n‡j wZwb Zv Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib| ZvB †mB mfvi wm×všÍ Abymv‡i †b‡óvwiqv‡mi mv‡_ wekc †hvnb‡K I Zvi Abymvix‡`i gÐjx †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq| G Lei m¤ªv‡Ui Kv‡Q †cuŠQ‡j wZwb wekc wmwij I wekc †gbb (Menon) †K e›`x K‡ib| wKš‘ Gi cÖwZev‡` G‡dmym gÐjx iv¯Ívq Ggb nv½vgv ïiæ K‡i hvi d‡j m¤ªvU `yB c‡ÿiB wgwUs AvnŸvb K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l †gvU cuvPwU wgwUs Kivi ci †b‡óvwiqvm I wekc †hvn‡bi weiæ‡× AvbZ AwfhyM‡K †g‡b †bqv nq| c‡i wekc wmwij I wekc †gbb‡K gy³ K‡i †`qv nq| Avi Gi ga¨ w`‡qB mfvi BwZ N‡U Ges mevB wbR wbR GjvKvq wd‡i hvb| 

Bibliography

1.THOMAS, P.C., “General Council of The Church”, Published by- St. PAULS, Mumbai, 2008

2.BELLITTON, M. Christopher, “The General of The Church” Mahwah, New York, 2012

3.The Catholic Encyclopedia, by MICHAEL OTTO, V.4, S.V. “General Council” , 2003

K¨vjwmWb gnvmfv (451 Lªxóvã)

wgVz gvwU©b gªs

K¨vjwmWb gnvmfvwU Gwkqv gvBbi Gi K¨vjwmWb bvgK ¯’v‡b AbywôZ nq 451 Lªxóv‡ãi 4 A‡±vei †_‡K 9 b‡f¤^i Gi g‡a¨| hvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb Zzi‡¯‹i B¯’v¤^y‡j| GwU Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj n‡Z c„_K Kiv n‡qwQj| GwU‡K gÐjxi gnvmfv wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| cÂg kZvãx‡Z LªxóZvwË¡K kã wb‡q cvðvZ¨ mgªv‡Ui †bZ„‡Z¡ c~e© I cwðg fvM n‡q hvq| cieZ©x‡Z A‡bK G¨vswjKvb Ges cÖ‡U÷¨v›U GwU‡K †kl Lªxóxq gnvmfv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡qwQj|

mgªvU gviwmqvb †cvc wjI `¨v †MÖU Gi Aby‡gv`b wb‡q GB gnvmfv AvnŸvb K‡ib, hv‡K 449 mv‡j wØZxq gnv mfv wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| hv †ivevi  KvDwÝj wn‡m‡eI cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| K¨vjwmWb gnvmfvwU K¨vjwmWwbqvb msÁv wb‡q AbywôZ nq hv  Lªx‡ói GKK ¯^fve wb‡q nq Ges Lªx‡ói ˆØZ ¯^fve: gvbe ¯^fve I HkwiK ¯^fvewU A¯^xKvi Kiv nq| GB gnvmfvwU 27 wU k„•Ljv m¤^Üxq wbqg wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i hv gÐjxi Kvh©wbevnx Ges kvmK †kªYxi Rb¨ ‰Zix K‡i| Zvi ci Avi GKwU wWµx Rvwi Kiv nq hv 28 Zg AvBb bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| wekc †NvlYv †`b †h, Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj (bZyb †ivg) m¤§vb I kvmb ÿgZvi †ÿ‡Î cvðvZ¨ ‡iv‡gi mg gh©v`vi AwaKvix |

PZz_© wek¦Rbxb gnvmfv wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ nq K¨vjwmWb gnvmfvwU| cÖvP¨ A_©W· gÐjx, †ivgvb K¨v_wjK gÐjx (cÖvP¨ K¨v_wjK gÛjxmn) cÖv³b K¨v_wjK PvP© Ges Ab¨vb¨ cvðvZ¨ Lªxóvb Øviv †ivgvb K¨v_wjK PvP©, cÖvP¨ A_©W· PvP©¸‡jv wek¦v‡mi msÁvi AåvšÍ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| †ekxi fvM cÖ‡U÷¨v›U wb‡mqv (325) wÎZ¡ Ges K¨vjwmWb gnvmfv‡K †`naviY ZË¡i gnvmfv wn‡m‡e AewnZ K‡ib| Z‡e gnvmfvwU cÖvPxbZg cÖvP¨ gÐjx we‡kl K‡i wmixq, Avivwgqv, Bw_Iwcqvi A_©W· gÐjx Zv MÖnY K‡ib wb| A_©W·MY hxï Lªxó‡K Ck‡ii ev‡K¨i †`naviY wn‡m‡e wkÿv w`‡q _v‡Kb|  wZwb mwZ¨Kvi Ck¦i I gvbe ¯^fv‡ei AwaKvix| wZwb Zvui ¯^Mx©q mËv‡K gvbexq ¯^Ëvi mv‡_ mnfvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| hv fzj ey‡S g‡bvwdwóRg wn‡m‡e wek¦vm Kiv nq| hvi mv‡_ Awi›Uvb A_©W· PvP© wØgZ ‡cvlY K‡ib|

HwZnvwmK cUf~wg

325 Lªxóv‡ã wb‡mqv gnvmfvq hxï Lªxó‡K Ck¦i cyÎ e‡jwQj Zv wcZvi mv`„k¨i mgiƒ‡c| Gwiqvbev`x Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib GB e‡j †h, hxï gvbe m„ó mË¡v| hv cÖ_g Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj gnvmfv (381) Ges G‡dmvm (431) gnvmfvq cybivq ¯^xKvi Kiv nq|

 G‡dmvm gnvmfv ci Av‡j·Rvw›`ªqvi wmwij Ges AvwšÍ‡qv‡Ki Rb Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© AvšÍwiK wQj bv| hw`I Rb Ab¨vb¨ wekc‡`i mv‡_ †bwówiDm‡K Awfhy³ Ki‡Z ¯^vÿi w`‡qwQ‡jb, wKš‘ wZwb `„pfv‡e wbwðZ wQ‡jb †h,  wmwijB n‡”Qb cÖK„Z åvšÍgZev`x| ewiqvi HkZË¡we` wekc, AvKvwmDm wQ‡jb wekc R‡bi AšÍi½ eÜz| 443 Lªxóv‡ãi ïiæ‡Z Rb AvKvwmD‡mi mv‡_ mvÿvr K‡ib| Ggb wK mgªvU I AvKvwmDm‡K wj‡L cvVvb †hb wZwb Rb I wmwi‡ji g‡a¨ kvwšÍ ¯’vcb K‡ib|

ewiqvi wek‡ci Aby‡iv‡a wekc R‡bi mv‡_ mvÿvZ Ki‡Z 12 GwcÖj 433 Lªxóv‡ã wmwij ewiqvq Av‡mb| AvKvwmDm †bwówiD‡mi åvšÍgZev`¸‡jv Rb Gi Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v K‡ib Ges Rb ¯úó fvlvq †bwówiDm‡K åvšÍgZev`x e‡j †NvlYv †`b Ges Zv‡K ˆeafv‡eB c`Pz¨Z Kiv n‡q‡Q, d‡j †bwówiDm Avi ivRavbx kn‡ii wekc wQ‡jb bv| wZwb LªxóZ‡Ë¡i †mB AvbyôvwbK †NvlYvq mvÿvi K‡ib, †mLv‡b hxïi e¨w³‡Z¡ HkwiKZ¡ my¯úófv‡e e¨³ Kiv nq n‡qwQj| Gfv‡eB Rb I wmwi‡ji g‡a¨ kvwšÍ ¯’vwcZ nq| Zvi ci gÐjx‡Z mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| hv Gwkqv gvBb‡ii `yÕRb wek‡ci wkÿv †_‡K Avi¤¢ nq, hw`I `yÕRb wekc BwZ g‡a¨ gviv wM‡qwQ‡jb| cÖ_gRb n‡jb Zvi my‡giwÛ ‡Wvo, whwb 392 Lªxóv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib Avi wØZxq Rb n‡jb gdmy‡mqvi w_I‡Wvi, hvi g„Z¨z nq 428 Lªxóv‡ã|

Lªxó ¯^fve m¤ú‡K© åvšÍgZev`wU b¨vwówiDm H `yÕRb wek‡ci e¨vL¨v n‡Z wb‡qwQ‡jb| cÖqvZ `yÕRb wek‡ci †jLbx wmwiq fvlvq Abyw`Z nq| Av‡j·Rvw›`ªqvi wKQz msL¨K wekcMY eBwU Aa¨qb K‡ib Ges Zviv b¨vwówiD‡mi åvšÍ wkÿvwUi mÜvb cvb| Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡jvi bZzb wekc‡K welqwU m¤ú‡K© Rvbvb, ZLb Zvui gVevmxiv Aa¨qb K‡ib I ZvivI åvšÍZvi mÜvb cvb|

cÖ‡Kvjym I mgªv‡Ui cÎ cvIqvi ci AvwšÍ‡qv‡Ki Rb mivmwifv‡e cÖqvZ wekcMY‡K wb›`v I †`vlx mve¨¯’ Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i| Rb cÖ‡Kvjy‡mi wbKU wjL‡jb †h, Ò`yÕRb wekcB D³ cÖ‡kœi wel‡q kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e gÐjxi mv‡_ mshy³ †_‡K g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| cÖqvZ e¨w³‡`i †`vlx I gÐjxPz¨Z Kivi ‡Kvb KviY _vK‡e bv|

wmwij R‡bi c‡ÿ ga¨Zv K‡ib| cÖ‡Kvjy‡mi wbKU 431 Lªxóv‡ã G‡dmv‡mi gnvmfvq, wWI‡Wvi I w_I‡Wv‡mi wbe©vPb eÜ ivLv n‡qwQj| wek¦vm g‡š¿ D”PvwiZ GKwU As‡k Zv‡`i bvg cÖPwjZ wQj Zvi gxgvsmv Kiv nq| cÖ‡Kvjym wmwi‡ji K_v ï‡b wekcØq‡K †Kvb iƒc †`vlx mve¨¯’ Ki‡jb bv Ges cybivq kvwšÍ ¯’vwcZ nj|

AvwšÍqvwLqvi Rb gviv hvb 440 Lªxóv‡ã, wmwij gviv hvb 444 Lªxóv‡ãK I Zv‡`i g„Zz¨i c‡iB Zv‡`i‡K mvay‡kªYxfz³ K‡ib| me‡k‡l gviv hvb cÖ‡Kvjym 336 Lªxóv‡ã| H mgq b¨vwówiDm wgk‡i RxweZ wQ‡jb|

wWKb wjI 441 Lªxóv‡ã bZzb †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| cieZx©‡Z Zv‡K gnvb e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| mgªvU wØZxq w_I‡WvwmDm Gi kvmb Kv‡j A_©vr 448 Lªxóv‡ã †`naviY ZË¡ cÖK…Z A_© bZzb fv‡e HkZvwË¡K weZ©‡Ki m„wó K‡i| hvi d‡j K¨vjwmWb gnvmfv AvnŸv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q `vuovq|

GB ZK©v‡jvPbv cÖavb e¨w³MY n‡jb BDwUwKm, Kbóvw›U‡bvc‡ji GKRb mb¨vmx (ivRavbx kn‡ii avwg©K wekc d¬vweqvb Ges Av‡j·Rvw›`ªqvi wekc wWDmK‡ivm) BDwUKvm Kbóvw›U‡bvcj kn‡ii evB‡i GKwU Avkª‡gi cÖavb mbœvmx wQ‡jb| wZwb wkwÿZ wQ‡jb bv Z_vwc wZwb K‡Vvi K…”QZv I Zcm¨vc~Y© Rxeb hvcb Kivq ‡m weL¨vZ I cÖksmv  ARb© K‡ib| mvgªv‡R¨i g‡a¨ mgªvU Ges wek‡ci ciB wZwb Z…Zxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³ wQ‡jb | wZwb mgªv‡Ui Ava¨vwZ¥K cwiPvjK wQ‡jb| ivR cÖvmv‡` Zvi e¨vcK cÖfve wQj, †h‡nZz `yógZx 2q w_IwWDm bcysmK wQ‡jb, LªxmvwdDm Zvui ag© cyÎ wQ‡jb| wZwb AvRxeb b¨vwówiD‡mi cÖej we‡ivwaZv K‡ib Ges wmwi‡ji GKRb  eÜz wQ‡jb| 

BDwUwKm Zvui gVevmx‡`i Lªx‡ói GKwU ¯^fve wb‡q wkÿv †`b| wZwb e‡jb Lªx‡ói ïay Hk ¯^fve we`¨gvb Zvi g‡a¨ gvbe ¯^fve Abycw¯’Z| Zvi g‡a¨ †Kvb AvZ¥v †bB hv gvby‡li gv‡S we`¨gvb| hv åvšÍ wkÿvi bvgvšÍi| wZwb Zvi åvšÍwkÿv cÖPvi K‡i 30 jÿ MªxK Ges møvf RvwZ‡K K¨v_wjK gÐjx n‡Z wew”Qb Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡ib| 

AvP©wekc †d¬vweqvb Zvi Aaxb¯’ mKj wekc‡`i mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ msm` AvnŸvb K‡ib| GB msm‡`i Awa‡ekb PjvKv‡j WwijvD‡mi wekc BD‡mvweqvm BDwUwKm‡K GKRb åvšÍgZev`x wn‡m‡e Awfhy³ K‡i GKwU wjwLZ `wjj Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| WwijvD‡gi wekc BDwUwKm‡K Zvi weiæ‡× Awfhy³ Awf‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ DËi cÖ`vb Kiv Rb¨  Avbv DwPZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Zvi ci BDwUwKm‡K Zvi åvšÍ wkÿvi Rb¨ kvw¯Í cÖ`vb K‡ib|  †cvc mgªvU‡K BDwUwK‡mi fzj wkÿvi cwinvi K‡i Òhxïi †`n aviY m¤úK©Ó  mve©Rbxb Lªxó gÐjxi wkÿv‡K Aek¨B iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|

K¨vjwmWb gnvmfvi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wWµxmg~n

wekcMY‡K Zv‡`i ag©cÖ‡`‡ki mKj gVevmx‡`i Dci KZ…©Z¡ Kivi ¶gZv `vb Kiv|

wekc g‡bvbq‡bi 3 gv‡mi g‡a¨ Awf‡lK MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

wekc hw` UvKvi Rb¨ KvD‡K Awfwl³ K‡ib, Zvn‡j †mB wekc‡K `vwqZ¡ †_‡K AcmviY Kiv n‡e|

GKRb hvRK GKwU ag©cÖ‡`‡ki Awab¯’ n‡eb|

GKRb hvRK †Kvb ai‡Yi RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ PvKix ev †mbvevwnbx‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

†h me ¯’v‡b hvKR‡`i weev‡ni AbygwZ i‡q‡Q, Zviv åvšÍgZev`x‡`i we‡q Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, GgbwK Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i åvšÍgZev`x, Bû`x I †cŠËwjK‡`i mv‡_ we‡q w`‡Z cvi‡e bv|

 †Kvb mbœ¨vmx we‡q Kiv ev PvKix MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

40 eQ‡ii c~‡e© †Kvb gwnjv‡KB cwi‡meK c‡` Awfwl³ Kiv hv‡e bv| cwi‡meK nIqvi ci hw` †m we‡q K‡i, Z‡e Zvi ¶gZv †_‡K AcmviY Kiv n‡e|

hw` †Kvb mbœ¨vmx/gVevmx Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK we‡q K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K gÊjxPz¨Z Kiv n‡e|

3iv b‡f¤^i, 451 Lªxóv‡ã K¨vjwmW‡bi gnvmfv †kl nq|

mnvqK MÖš’mg~n

·         The Encyclopedia for School and Home, 1^st ed., V.2, s.v. “Chalcedon,Council of”, by George T. Denness, 1965.

·         New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2^nd ed., V.3, s.v. “Chalcedon, Council of”, by P.T. Comelot, 2003.

·         THOMAS, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, The Bombay Saint Paul Society, Bangalore, 2005.

·         MURPHY, John L.: The General Councils of the Church, The Bruce Publishing Company, Melwaukee, 1959.

·         gv‡Ëwi‡qwË, G gbwmK&b‡i: Lªxóxq mfvi mvaviY BwZnvm, cÖ_g LÐ, KjKvZv, 1892|

·         www. Wikipedia.com

2q KÝUvw›U‡bvcj gnvmfv (553 Lªxóvã)

wbZ¨ AvšÍbx G°v

m~Pbv

K¨vjwmWb (Chalcedon) gnvmfvi GKk eQi c‡i 553 Lªxóv‡ãi †g gv‡m KÝUvw›U‡bvc‡j 5g mvaviY gnvmfv AbywôZ nq| Avi GB gnvmfvi bvg †`Iqv nq Ô2q KÝUvw›U‡bvcjÕ (Constantinople II)| gnvmfv¸‡jvi bvgKib nq g~jZ †h kn‡i GB gnvmfv¸‡jv AbywôZ nq Zuvi bvg Abymv‡i| Ô2q KÝUvw›U‡bvcjÕ gnvmfvi welqe¯‘ I GKk eQi Av‡Mi gnvmfvi weZ©‡Ki welqe¯‘ †gvUvgywU GKB Avi Zv n‡jv ÔLªx‡ói cÖK…Z ¯^fveÕ| Avi GB weZ©KUv wQj wKQzUv ivR‰bwZK Ges wKQzUv HkZvwZ¡K| †Kbbv GKk eQi Av‡M K¨vjwmW‡b †h gnvmfvwU AbywôZ n‡qwQj †mLv‡bI †gvUvgywU GKB wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡qwQj| †mwUI wQj g~jZ Lªx‡ói ¯^fve ev cÖK…wZ wb‡q| Avi GLv‡bI hLb GKk eQi ci Avevi gnvmfv AbywóZ nq †mLv‡bI Lªx‡ói ¯^fve ev cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq| 

GB weZ©‡Ki cÖavb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask wQj hxïi Avmj ¯^fve ev cÖK…wZ wb‡q| BDwU‡mm (Eutyches) Gi Abymvix hviv Zviv hxïi GK cÖK…wZ wek¦vm KiZ Avi †mwU n‡jv hxïi Hk cÖK…wZ ev ¯^fve, gvbexq ¯^fve Zviv wek¦vm KiZ bv| Zv‡`i‡K K¨vjwmWb gnvmfvq †`vlx e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡qwQj †Kbbv Zviv Zuv‡`i fzj wkÿvwU mviv c~e© †`kxq GjvKvq cÖPvi K‡iwQj|

†cvc wjI 474 Lªxóv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY Kivi c‡i m¤ªvU wQ‡jb evwmwjmKvm (Basiliscus)| wZwb †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb †cvc wjIÕi wkÿv¸‡jv mevi gv‡S cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i wekc‡`i gv‡S wKš‘ 476 Lªxóv‡ã Zv‡K †mB c` †_‡K mwi‡q m¤ªvU wR‡bv (Zino) H c`wU `Lj K‡ib| m¤ªvU wR‡bv ag©xq e¨w³ wQ‡jb bv, wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb ˆmb¨| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb †cvc wjIÕi wkÿv‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í K‡iwQ‡jb| hvB nDK, cieZ©x‡Z evwmwjmKvm‡K gÐjx n‡Z wePz¨Z Kiv nq| Gic‡i Av‡mb †cvc †dwj· (Felix) wZwb Lye `ªæZ AvKvwmDm‡K (Acacius) Zuvi †cvcxq c` n‡Z wePz¨Z K‡ib| †mBmv‡_ Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ wekc‡`iI ewn¯‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb hviv AvKvwmDm‡K mg©_b K‡iwQ‡jb| GgbwK †cvc AvKvwmD‡mi bvg ch©šÍ Lªxóhv‡Mi cÖv_©bv †_‡KI mwi‡q †d‡jwQ‡jb| †mB †_‡K cieZ©x cÖvq 35 eQi ch©šÍ c~e© †`kxq gÐjxi (Eastern Church) m¤ú©K †ivg gÐjx n‡Z wew”Qbœ wQj|

m¤ªvU Rvwóqvb (Justinian) Gi mgqKvj wQj 527-565 Lªxóvã| Zuvi B”Qv wQj †h, K¨v_wjK Ges g‡bvwdwR÷m‡`i (Momophysites) A_©vr Lªx‡ói GK ¯^fv‡e wek¦vmx‡`i g‡a¨ GKUz kvwšÍ †LvuRv KviY wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, Zuv‡`i `yÕ`‡ji gv‡S †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB Z‡e cvwifvwlK ev fvlvMZ wKQz Avjv`v A_© ev hyw³ Av‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e, GB weZ©K wQj Av‡iv Mfxi| †cvc wjIÕi wPwV‡Z ejv n‡qwQj †h, hxïi `y‡Uv ¯^fve Av‡Q, Hk Ges gvbweK wKš‘ g‡bvwdwRóm‡`i g‡Z GwU wQj åvšÍ wkÿv| hvi Kvi‡Y wgki, wmwiqv Ges c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi wekcMY †ivgvb K¨v_wjK gÐjx †_‡K we”Qbœ n‡q åvšÍ wkÿvi gÐjx MVb K‡i Hme K¨v_wjK †`k ¸‡jv‡Z| AvR GB †`k¸‡jv gymwjg RvwZi †`k| GgbwK †gvnv¤§‡`i R‡b¥i Av‡MB GB RvwZ ¸‡jv Zv‡`i mZ¨ wek¦vm‡K nvwi‡q‡Q|

K¨vjwmWb gnvmfv †kl nIqvi ci ciB GKRb wmwiqvb gVva¨ÿ Lye ZvovZvwo K‡i †Riækv‡j‡g hvb Ges K¨vjwmWb gnvmfvi `wjj c‡Îi weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb ev Av‡jvob m„wó K‡ib| †Kbbv wZwb K¨vjwmWb gnvmfvq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| hvi d‡j †Riækv‡j‡gi gvbyl‡`i gv‡S Zxeª cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvq, hvi Rb¨ Zviv bZyb GKRb wekc †e‡Q †bq Ab¨ GKRb wek‡ci cwie‡Z© whwb ZLbI K¨vjwmWb gnvmfv †_‡K wd‡i Av‡mbwb|

527 Lªxóv‡ã GKRb bZzb m¤ªvU Gi Avwe©fve N‡U, wZwb n‡”Qb Rvwówbqvb, wZwb GKRb K¨v_wjK Ges HkZË¡we`| wKš‘ Zuvi ¯¿x w_I‡Wviv (Theodora) wQ‡jb g‡bvwdwRóm (Monophysites) A_©vr Lªx‡ói GK ¯^fv‡e wek¦vmx| Rvwówbqvb AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h, Lªx‡ói GK ¯^fv‡e wek¦vm‡`i gv‡S f~j eySveywSi ¯^xKvi n‡q Av‡Q Kv‡RB wZwb †f‡e‡Qb GUv Zuvi `vwqZ¡ ev KZ©e¨ †h Zv‡`i GKB mZ¨ c‡_ wdwi‡q Avbvi| GBw`‡K w_I‡Wviv LyeB D¾xweZ wQ‡jb Lªx‡ói GK ¯^fv‡e wek¦vmx‡`i welq wb‡q| wZwb Zvi B‡¤úwi‡qj kn‡ii GKwU cÖvmv` K‡qKRb gVevmx mbœ¨vmx‡`i _vKevi Rb¨ RvuqMv w`‡q‡Qb hv‡Z Zviv †mLv‡b †_‡K Av‡iv cÖPvi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †mwU Zv‡`i cÖavb †K›`ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ jvf K‡iwQj; Ges cÖvq 500 Gi †ekx gVevmx mbœ¨vmxMY †mLv‡b emevm Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|

GB gnvmfvi cÖavb welqe¯‘mg~n

GB gnvmfv AbywôZ nIqvi g~jZ cÖavb `yÕ‡Uv KviY wQj| GB `y‡Uv cÖavb KviY mg~n¸‡jv 5g mvaviY gnvmfvi cÖavb Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ wb‡¤œ †m¸‡jv †`Iqv n‡jv:

cÖ_gZ: g‡bvwdwRóm (Monophysites) A_©vr Lªx‡ói GK ¯^fv‡e wek¦vmx| g‡bvwdwRóm A_©vr Lªx‡ói GK ¯^fv‡e wek¦vmx GB åvšÍwkÿvi cÖ_g aviYv †`b GKRb gVva¨ÿ, Zvi bvg BDwU‡mm| Zvi åvšÍ wkÿvwU wQj, Lªx‡ói GK ¯^fve Avi †mwU nj- Lªx‡ói ïay Hk ¯^fve Av‡Q wKš‘ Zuvi †Kvb gvbweK ¯^fve †bB| Avi GB wkÿv †_‡K A‡b‡KB cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zuvi c‡ÿ A‡bK mg©_b w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ w_I‡Wviv wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg KviY wZwbI †mwU wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ K¨v_wjK gÐjx GwU‡K mZ¨ e‡j MÖnY K‡ibv, KviY K¨v_wjK gÐjxi g‡Z Lªx‡ói `yÕwU ¯^fve, Hk Avi gvbweK|

wØZxqZ: wZbÕwU Aa¨vq (Three Chapters)| wZbÕwU Aa¨vq A_©vr wZbRb e¨w³i K_v ev Dw³|

1| †gvmwcDwkqvÕi (Mospuetia) w_I‡Wviv e¨w³ Ges Zvi †jLv| †bówiqvm (Nestorius) GB åvšÍ wkÿvi cÖavb aviYv †`b| GLv‡b ejv n‡qwQj †h, mvay wjIÕi †h e¨vLv wQj hxïi wel‡q, †mwU wQj K¨v_wjK gÐjxi wkÿv I wek¦vm Abymv‡i †Kbbv K¨v_wjKiv wek¦vm K‡i Lªx‡ói `yB ¯^fve, gvbexq Ges Hk wKš‘ hviv †bówiqv‡mi aviYvB wek¦vmx Zviv †mwU wek¦vm K‡ibv|

2| wkwij Gi weiæ‡× w_I‡Wv‡iU (Theodoret)  Gi †jLvmg~n| GLv‡b ejv nq †h, 4_© gnvmfvi mgq Av‡jKRv‡›`ªwiqvi mvay wkwij Gi mv‡_ g‡bvwdwRóm‡`i hxïi cÖK…Z ¯^fve wb‡q mgm¨v †`Lv †`q hvi Kvi‡Y w_I‡Wv‡iU mvay wkwij Gi weiæ‡× †jLv‡jwL K‡ib| GUvB c‡i GB gnvmfvi Av‡jvPbvq Av‡m|

3| gvwim (Maris) Gi Kv‡Q G‡Wmvi AvBevm (Edessa of Ibas) Gi wPwV ev †jLvmg~n| GUvI wVK GKB welq †h, †Kvb GK gZ cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y wZwb Zuvi Kv‡Q cÎ wj‡Lb Ges †mB cθ‡jvB cieZ©x‡Z gnvmfvi Av‡jvPbvq cÖavb welq n‡q‡Q|

GB wZbRb e¨w³i wZbwU wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv‡K wZbÕwU Aa¨vq (Three Chapters) ejv n‡q _v‡K| GLv‡b wZbRb †jv‡Ki åvšÍwkÿv Av‡Q Ges G¸‡jv meB K¨v_wjK gÐjxi weiæ‡× hvi Kvi‡Y K¨v_wjK gÐjx GB¸‡jv‡K MÖnY K‡iwb eis åvšÍwkÿv wnmv‡e AvÿvwqZ K‡i‡Q| g~jZ GB wZbRb †jvK g„Zz¨eiY Kivi c‡i Zv‡`i GB åvšÍwkÿv ¸‡jv wb‡q gvbyl Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GB gnvmfv PjvKvjxb mg‡q †cvc wQ‡jb wfwRwjDm (Vigilius) Ges m¤ªvU wQ‡jb Rvwówbqvb|

gnvmfvi wmÜvšÍ

5g gnvmfv A_©vr Ô2q KÝUvw›U‡bvcjÕ gnvmfvi ga¨ w`‡q GB ÒwZbÕwU Aa¨vqÓ Gi åvšÍ wkÿvi aviYvwU  gnvmfv evwZj K‡i| †mB mv‡_ ÒLªx‡ói GK ¯^fve wek¦vmx‡`iÓ GB aviYvwU‡KI gnvmfv cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i| †Kbbv gÐjx †P‡q‡Q hv mZ¨ ZvB cÖKvk cv‡e Kv‡iv Pv‡c wKsev åvšÍwkÿvq K¨v_wjK gÐjx  wec‡_ hv‡e bv| GB `yÕ‡Uv åvšÍ wkÿvi DciB g~jZ GB gnvmfvwU AbywóZ n‡qwQj †Kbbv  †mB mg‡q GB åvšÍ wkÿvM‡jv `ªyZ mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Qwo‡q †`Iqv nw”Qj| hvi d‡j K¨v_wjK gÐjx A‡bK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q|

mnvqK MÖš’mg~n

1. THOMAS, P. C., “General Council of The Church”, St. PAULS, TPS III, Mumbai, 2008

2. BELLITTON, M. Christopher, “The General Council of the Church”, New York, 2012

3. MICHAEL, OTT, Edited, “The Catholic Encyclopedia”, Washington D.C, 2003

4. PRICE, Richard (2009), “The Acts of the Council of Constantinople of 553 – 2 Vol Set”, With Related Texts on the Three Chapters Controversy. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople

Z…Zxq Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj gnvmfv (680-681 Lªxóvã)

wdwjc Zzlvi M‡gR

¯’vb: Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj

ZvwiL: 680-681 Lªxóvã

†cvcØq: mvay AvMv‡_v (678-681) I mvay 2q wjI ( 682-683)

mgªvU: PZz_© Kb÷¨v›UUvBb ( 668-685)

Av‡jvPbvi welq: åvšÍ gZev` Monothelism (g‡bv‡qwjRg) ev GK-B”Qvev` A_©vr Lªx‡ói g‡a¨ ïay GKcÖKvi (Z_v Hk¦wiK) B”Qv wQj| GB åvšÍ gZev` evwZj †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|

gÊjxi cÂg mvaviY gnvmfv g‡bvwdwRwURg åvšÍ gZev` evwZj †NvlYv Kivi Rb¨ AbywôZ n‡qwQj| mg‡q cÖ‡qvR‡b lô mvaviY gnvmfv msNwUZ n‡qwQj Monothelism (g‡bv‡qwjRg) åvšÍ gZev` wb›`v I evwZj †NvlYv Kivi Rb¨| åvšÍ gZev` Monothelism (Mono- one, thelema- will) ev GK-B”Qvev` A_©vr Lªx‡ói g‡a¨ ïay GKcÖKvi (Z_v Hk¦wiK) B”Qv wQj| myZivs g‡bv‡qwj÷ Abymv‡i Lªxó cÖK…Z A‡_© GKRb gvbyl wQ‡jb bv| 7g kZvãx‡Z Lªxóvb, Bûw` I Bmjvg a‡g©i msNl© Ges Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hvq| lô gnvmfvwU Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj kn‡i AbywôZ nq| GB gnvmfvq 18wU Awa‡ekb cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b 43 Rb wekc Dcw¯’Z wQj| †cv‡ci Abycw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ_g 11wU Awa‡ekb mgªvU cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

lô gnvmfvi c~e© BwZnvm

g‡bv‡qwjRg åvšÍ gZev‡`i cÖeZ©K wQ‡jb mgªvU †nivwK¬Dm Ges Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡ji c¨vwUªqvK mviwRDm| †nivwK¬Dm wQ‡jb Avi‡gwbqvb Ges g‡bvwdmvBU Z‡Ë¡ wek¦vmx| 610 Lªxóv‡ãi Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡ji AvP©wekc mviwRDm mgªvU wn‡m‡e †nivwK¬Dm‡K g‡bvbqb K‡ib| bZzb mgªvU †`L‡jb abfvÛvi k~Y¨, `~e©j †mb¨evwnbx Ges AbybœZ RvwZ| †m Zzjbvq cvim¨iv wQj †ek kw³kvjx| cvim¨iv A‡bK¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RvqMv `Lj K‡ib| Lªxó †h µz‡k g„Zz¨eiY K‡iwQ‡jb †mB µzk I cweÎ ¯’vb Am¤§vb Kivq mviwRDm hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| Qq eQi Aweivg hy‡×i ci †nivwK¬Dm cvim¨‡`i mvgªvR¨ †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| hy× I weMÖ‡ni eQi¸‡jv‡Z †nivwK¬Dm Zvi ¯^‡`k‡K Avi‡gwbqv I wmwiqvi g‡bvwdmvBUm iƒc w`‡Z †Póv K‡ib| GB wel‡q †nivwK¬Dm cwZi wekc mvBiæ‡mi mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡ib Ges Zuv‡K A‡_©vW· e¨e¯’vi e¨vcv‡i Aby‡iva K‡i e¨_© nb| Ae‡k‡l †m mvBi“m‡K B‡¤úwiqvj kn‡ii AvP©wekc mviwRD‡mi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z e‡jb| mvBiæm mviwRD‡mi mn‡hvwMZvq weRqx nb| Av‡j·vw›`ªqvi ag©cÖ‡`‡ki mgªvU mvBi“m‡K AvP©wekc c‡` wb‡qvM K‡ib| Av‡j·vw›`ªqvi AvP©wekc wn‡m‡e mvBi“m Kv_wjK I wgk‡ii g‡bvwdmvBUm‡`i g‡a¨ GKZv wb‡q Av‡mb| md‡ivwbDm bv‡g Av‡j·vw›`ªqvb mbœ¨vmx †`L‡jb mZ¨‡K Gwo‡q wM‡q mvBi“m åvšÍ c‡_ kvwšÍ wdwi‡q Avbvi †Póv Ki‡Qb| ZLb md‡ivwbDm GB †Póvi wec‡¶ Awf‡hvM K‡ib, KviY mvay wjI Abymv‡i Lªx‡ói g‡a¨ †h `yÕ†Uv ¯^fve Av‡Q Zv m¤ú‡K© GUv cwi¯‹vi aviYv bq| wKš‘ Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡ji AvP©wekc Ges Av‡j·vw›`ªqvi AvP©wekc DfqB mbœ¨vmxwU‡K wbie _vK‡Z wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib|

åvšÍ gZev` wb‡q ch©v‡jvPbv

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Synod (ag©mfv) AvnŸvb

cieZx© †cvc wQ‡jb PZz_© †hvnb| Zvi cÖ_g KvR wQj BZvjxi mg¯Í wekc‡`i wb‡q GKwU Synod (ag©mfv) AvnŸvb Kiv Ges mgªv‡Ui ÒGK B”QvÓ Z‡Ë¡i wb›`v Rvbv‡bv| †nivwK¬Dm ej‡jb †h, wZwb GB eBwU wj‡Lbwb| wZwb ïaygvÎ ¯^v¶i K‡i‡Qb| GB wPwV †iv‡g †cuŠQv‡bvi Av‡MB mgªv‡Ui g„Zy¨ nq| 642 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc PZy_© †hvnb Gi g„Zz¨i ci bZzb †cvc n‡jb w_I‡Wvi| wZwb RvwZ‡Z MÖxK wQ‡jb| Lªx‡ói B”Qv wb‡q †h gZv‰bK¨ PjwQj Zv m¤ú‡K© wZwb ÁvZ wQ‡jb Ges GK‡_wmmwUi wb›`v K‡ib|

åvšÍ gZev` wb‡q gZcv_©K¨

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åvšÍ gZev` evwZj †NvlYv

†cvc gvwU©b Kb÷¨vÝ-Gi UvBc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ BZvjxi mKj wekc‡K †iv‡g †W‡K cvVvb| 105 Rb wekc jv‡Zivb cÖvmv‡` wgwjZ nb| `yÕmßvn a‡i wekcMY Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges wekwU gvÐwjK AvBb cÖKvk nq| gvÐwjK AvBb-10 †_‡K AvBb-20 ch©šÍ Lªx‡ói GKK B”Qv- †K wb›`v Kiv nq| hviv GB åvšÍ gZev‡`i D™¢veK Ges hviv Gi wek¦vmx Zv‡`i‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv nq| åvšÍ gZev`x Av‡j·vw›`ªqvi mvBi“m, Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡ji mviwRDm, cvBii“m Ges c‡ji Rb¨ GB AvBbMy‡jv Kiv nq| GK‡_wmm Ges UvBc‡KI evwZj Kiv nq| Gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z mgªvU †cvc‡K ew›` K‡ib Ges UvB‡ci g‡a¨ mKj wekc‡K ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| 653 Lªxóv‡ã mvay wcZ‡ii gw›`‡i LªxóhvM Drm‡M©i mg‡q mgªvU †cvc gvwU©b‡K AcniY K‡i wkK‡j †eu‡a Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡j wb‡q hvb| 16 †m‡Þ¤^i 655 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc cÖ_g gvwU©b g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgªvU Zvi wb‡Ri ˆmb¨‡`i Øviv N„wbZ nb Ges GKRb †Rbv‡ij Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i| cieZ©x mgªvU wQ‡jb Zvi †Q‡j PZz_© Kb÷¨v›UUvBb| ZLb †iv‡g GKRb A‰ea †cvc wQ‡jb, whwb g‡bvwqwjRg Gi wel‡q wbie f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|

gnvmfvi AvnŸvb I Av‡jvPbvmg~n

12 AvMó 678 Lªxóv‡ã mgªvU Avie‡`i wei“‡× hy‡× mKj cÖKvi mg_©‡bi Rb¨ †cvc‡K ab¨ev` Rvwb‡q cÎ wj‡Lb| wZwb g‡bvwqwjR‡gi wel‡q D‡j­L K‡ib Ges mKj wekc‡K GB e¨vcv‡i wKQz GKUv Kivi Rb¨ bZzb †cvc AvMv‡_v‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib| whwb B‡¤úwiqvj wmwU‡Z cÖwZwbwa cvVvb †hb Zviv wM‡q Kv_wjK I g‡bv‡qjvBU‡`i g‡a¨ cybwg©jb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib| wKš‘ cÖwZwbwaiv hvevi Av‡MB AvMv‡_v BZvjxi mKj wekc‡K †iv‡g GKwU wmb‡W& AvnŸvb K‡ib| 680 Lªxóv‡ã cybi“Ìvb ce©w`‡b wekcMY †iv‡g wgwjZ nb| †cv‡ci †bZ…Z¡vax‡b 125 Rb wekc GK‡Î wek¦vm g‡š¿ ¯^v¶i K‡ib| mgªvU 680 Lªxóv‡ã †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m cÖwZwbwa‡`i ÒLªx‡ói B”QvÓ †cv‡ci cÎwU wb‡q Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cÖv‡P¨i me wekc‡K Av‡`k cÖ`vb K‡ib| 7 b‡f¤^i 680 Lªxóvã †_‡K 6 †m‡Þ¤^i 681 Lªxóvã ch©šÍ gnvmfvi Kvh©µg Pjgvb _v‡K| me©‡kl mfvq 174 Rb wekc Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| cÖwZwbwaMY †cvc AvMv‡_v Gi cÎ Ges Zuvi Øviv ¯^v¶wiZ wek¦vmgš¿ covi ga¨ w`‡q gnvmfvi D‡™¢vab K‡ib| 7 gvP© mgªvU Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡ji wekc‡`i cÖkœ K‡ib Ò†Zvgiv wK †cv‡ci cÎ Ges †ivgvb wmb‡Wi wek¦vm gš¿ GKgvÎ mZ¨ wn‡m‡e wek¦vm I ¯^xKvi Ki?Ó| Aí K‡qKRb Qvov mevB m`‡i MÖnY Kivi gva¨‡g wew”QbœZvi Aemvb nq|

gnvmfvi cieZ©x NUbv

wKš‘ c‡ii w`b gnvmfvq mgm¨v †`Lv ‡`q| Avie‡`i weiwZnxb Avµg‡Yi Kvi‡Y AvwšÍ‡qv‡Ki wekc gvKvwiDm Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡j evm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| wZwb ZLb gnvmfvq ej‡jb †h, wZwb Lªx‡ói g‡a¨ `yÕ†Uv B”Qv wek¦vm K‡ib bv| ZLb mgªvU Zv‡K cwi¯‹vifv‡e Zvi g‡bi K_v ej‡Z Av‡`k †`b| wZwb e‡jb, Avgv‡K `yÕLÛ K‡i mvM‡i †d‡j w`‡jI Avwg Lªx‡ói g‡a¨ `yÕ†Uv B”Qv Av‡Q Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvie bv| Zv‡K c`Pz¨Z Kiv nq| `yÕmßvn c‡i 26 GwcÖj GKRb g‡bvw_jvBU cy‡ivwn‡Zi Avðh© KvR †`Lvi Rb¨ A‡b‡K mg‡eZ nb| Zvi bvg wQj cwi‡µvwbDm| Zvi `vwe g‡bvw_jvBU Gi wek¦vmgš¿ GKRb g„Z e¨w³‡K Rxeb w`‡Z cv‡i| g‡bvw_jvBU Z‡Ë¡i mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ wek¦vmgš¿wU g„Z e¨w³i Dci ivLv nq| wekvj RbZv GB A‡jŠwKK KvR †`Lvi Rb¨ mg‡eZ nb| †m `yÕN›Uv a‡i cÖv_©bv K‡i Ges wPrKvi K‡i Zv‡K DV‡Z Av‡`k K‡ib| wKš‘ Gi d‡j wKQzB N‡Ubv| hvi †cÖw¶‡Z Zv‡K ew›` Kiv nq Ges åvšÍgZev‡`i Rb¨ †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv nq| 11 †m‡Þ¤^i wekcMY GKwU bZzb wek¦vm gš¿ ˆZix Ki‡jb ÒAvgiv wk¶v w`B †h Avgv‡`i cÖfy hxï Lªx‡ói g‡a¨ `yÕ†Uv B”Qv Av‡Q †hUv Avgv‡`i cyY¨gq wcZ…MY wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb|Ó 16 †m‡Þ¤^i 681 Lªxóv‡ã wekcMY GKgZ n‡q wek¦vm g‡š¿ †fvU cÖ`vb Kivi gva¨‡g gnvmfv mgvß ‡NvlYv Kiv nq|

K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi

·         HUGHES, Philip: The Third General Council of Constantinople (680-81), London, Burns & Oathes, 1961.

·         New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2^nd edition, v. 4, “Constantinople III” by V. Laugent, 2003.

·         THOMAS, P.C. : General Councils of the Church, Mumbai, St. Paul, press, 2000.

wbwmqvi wØZxq gnvmfv (787 Lªxóvã)

wc›Uz †eÄvwgb K¯Ív

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740 Lªxóv‡ã wjIÕi g„Zy¨i ci Zvui cyÎ cÂg Kb÷¨vbUvBb mgªvU nb| wZwb Zvui wcZv A‡cÿv AwaKZi wbK…ó wQ‡jb, we‡lk K‡i hviv cÖwZg~wZ©i cÖwZ fw³ kª×v KiZ Zv‡`i‡K wbhv©Zb Kivi †ÿ‡Î| cÖwZK…wZbvk, GK¯^fveev`, bv‡÷vwiIev`, Ggb wK AvwiDmev`-Gi gZ åvšÍ gZev`¸‡jvi LvuwU‡Z¡i Dci GKUv eB iPbv K‡ib| mg_©b jv‡fi Rb¨ mKj wekc‡K GKwU mfvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡jb, 10 †deªæqvix 753 Lªx: Kvj‡P`‡bi wbKUeZx© nvB‡qi bvgK ¯’v‡b 338 Rb wekc wgwjZ n‡jb| G mfvi mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib G‡dmv‡mi wekc whwb g‡b cÖv‡Y cÖwZK…wZ we‡ivax wQ‡jb| G mfvq mgªv‡Ui `vex DÌvcb K‡ib, cÖwZg~wZ© fw³ wbwl×| wekcMY m¤¢eZ f‡qi ekeZx©  n‡q gZ †`b| wKš‘ wekcMY mgªv‡Ui †h `wj‡j GK¯^fveev` Ges †b‡÷vwiIev‡`i gZ åvšÍ wkÿv‡K envj †i‡L‡Qb †mB `wj‡j ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡jb| mgªv‡Ui GK Aa¨v‡`k †hLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q hviv g~wZ©i cÖwZ fw³ †`Lvq Zviv gÐjxPz¨Z Zv‡Z ag©cvjMY ¯^vÿi K‡ib | Gi ga¨ w`‡q wbhv©Z‡bi GK bZzb hvÎv ïiæ nj | †h‡nZy mgªvU mbœ¨vmx‡`i avwg©KZv, `wi`ªZv I †KŠgvh© eªZ‡K AZ¨šÍ AcQ›` Ki‡Zb †m‡nZy Zv‡`i weiæ‡×B Zvui Avmj ivM wQj| A‡bK‡K wk‡iv‡”Q` Kiv nj, KvD‡K Zv‡`i g„Zz¨ nIqv ch©šÍ PveyKvNvZ Kiv nj |

c‡i mgªvU Kg©KZ©v‡`i ûKzg w`‡jb †h Zviv KLbI g~wZ© fw³ Ki‡e bv e‡j Aek¨B cÖwZÁv Ki‡Z n‡e | Kb›U¨vw›U‡bvc‡ji bewbhy³ gnvag©cvj me©cª_g cÖwZÁv Kij| Gici wQj ¯§„wZ wPý-fw³I mvay-mvaŸxi Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv Kivi e¨vcv‡i wb‡la Rvwi| wZwb Kvj‡P`b gnvgw›`i †_‡K mvay BD‡dwgivi †`n AcmviY K‡i mgy‡`ª †d‡j †`evi Av‡`k w`‡jb| 775 Lªx:cweÎ µz‡ki ce©w`‡b Kb÷¨v›Ub gviv hvq| mgªvU PZz_© wjI Zvui hye-cy‡Îi Rb¨ ivRcÖwZf~ wn‡m‡e Zvui weaev cZœx †i‡L gviv †M‡ji | ivRcÖwZf~ AvBwib GKRb Kv_wjK wQ‡jb Ges mg¯Í wbhv©Z‡bi Aemvb NUvb | wZwb cÖwZg~wZ©i cÖwZ fw³ I mvay-mvaŸx‡`i Kv‡Q cÖv_©bvi cyb:cÖPjb NUv‡Z PvB‡jb | wKš‘ GUv LyeB KwVb KvR wQj| KviY MZ 60 eQi a‡i cÖv‡P¨i gÐjx †ivg †_‡K wew”Qbœ wQj | AZci mgªvÁx 784 Lªxóv‡ãi 29 †k AvMó †cvc‡K cÎ gvidZ Rvbv‡jb †h, cÖwZg~wZ© fv½vi Kvi‡Y cÖvq Aa© kZvãxi †ekx mgq a‡i †h mZ¨ wek¦vm wewNœZ n‡q‡Q Zv wdwi‡q Avb‡Z GK mvaviY gnvmfv WvKv Zvui B”Qv | wZwb †cvc‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e Dcw¯’Z †_‡K G gnvmfvi mfvcwZZ¡ Ki‡Z Aby‡iva K‡ib |

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785 Lªxóv‡ãi 29 †k A‡±vei †cvc Avw`ªqvb AvBwib‡K wjL‡jb, wZwb gnvmfv AvnŸv‡bi cwiKíbvq gZ †`b Ges wZwb Zvui cÖwZwbwa cvVv‡bi K_v e‡jb| Z‡e wZwb kZ© w`‡jb, cÖ_gZ gnvmfv‡K 753 Lªxó‡ã nvB‡qi mfv‡K A‰ea †Nvlbv Ki‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ, †cvcxq cÖwZwbwa‡`i gnvmfvi me e³‡e¨i wel‡q AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Zv‡`i wbivc` cÖZ©veZ©‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡Z n‡e| mgªvÁx kZ©¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡jb Ges ZvrÿwYK gnvmfvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z Av‡`k †`b| 786 Lªxóv‡ãi 1jv AvMó gnvmfvq †hvM †`Iqvi Rb¨ wewfbœ RvqMvq †_‡K Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvc‡j cyY¨ †cÖwiZ`~Z‡`i gnvgw›`‡i ag©cvjMY GKwÎZ nb| wKš‘ ˆmb¨iv gnvmfvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i, KviY AwaKvsk ˆmb¨ivB cÖwZg~wZ© aŸsmKvix wQ‡jb| Zviv wMR©v `Lj Kij Ges mgªvÁx I ag©cvjMY‡K evB‡i †h‡Z eva¨ Ki‡jb| mgªvÁx  ag©cvjM‡Yi wbivcËvi Rb¨ gnvmfv evwZj K‡ib Ges ag©cvjMY Zv‡`i evwo‡Z cvVvb| †g gv‡mi g‡a¨ AvBwib ˆmb¨‡`i wb‡Ri Avq‡Z¡ Avb‡jb Ges wbwmqv‡Z ag©cvjMY‡K wgwjZ n‡Z e‡j cÎ cvVv‡jb| 24 †k †m‡Þ¤^i wbwmqvq 7g mvaviY gnvmfv AbywôZ nq| 325 Lªxóv‡ãi gnvmfv †h wMRv©q AbywôZ nq †mB GKB wMRv©q G gnvmfv AbywôZ nq| 300 Rb ag©cvj 1g Awa‡ek‡bi Rb¨ Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| gnvmfv ZvivwmI‡mi Awffvl‡Yi gva¨‡g ïiæ nq| mgªvÁxi cÎ mv‡_ mv‡_ †cv‡ci cÎ I cov nq| gnvmfv GKUv cÖ¯Íve cvk K‡i †h 753 Lªxóv‡ã© nvB‡qivq AbywôZ ag©cvj‡`i Awa‡ekb AevwÂZ †NvlYv bv K‡i Zv‡`i GB m‡¤§j‡b emv DwPZ bq| cieZ©x Awa‡ek‡bi mgq ag©cvjMY PvB‡jb †hb ZvivwmIm cÖwZg~wZ© fw³I mvay-mvaŸxi Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv m¤^‡Ü †cv‡ci †h mKj wkÿv †`qv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z GKgZ nb I GwU msM„wnZ nj| Zvici †cv‡ci cÖwZwbwaMY Dcw¯’Z Ab¨vb¨ ag©cvjM‡Yi Kv‡QI GKB `vwe Ki‡jb | ZvivI GKBfv‡e HKg‡Z †cŠuQj |

GK mßvn hver gnvmfv cÖwZg~wZ© fw³ I mvay-mvaŸxi Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv welqK HkZvwË¡K cwi‡cÖwÿZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kij| †kl ch©šÍ mK‡j GKgZ n‡jb †h cÖwZg~wZ© I mvay-mvaŸxi ¯§„wZ wP‡ýi cÖwZ m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvu‡`i Kv‡Q cÖv_©bvI mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i| Zvici G wel‡q wek¦v‡mi GKUv m~Î cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡jv hv‡Z mvay-mvaŸx I ab¨v Kzgvixi cÖwZ fw³-kª×v cÖ`©kb Ges Ck¦i I cweÎ w·Z¡i 3 Rb Hk e¨w³ Ges †`navwiZ evYx hxïi cÖwZ Avivabv AP©bv Kivi K_v ejv nq| cieZ©x K‡qKw`b a‡i gnvmfv wbqg k„•Ljv welqK 22wU gvÐjxK AvBb wewae× K‡i| gnvmfv 787 Lªxóv‡ãi b‡f¤^i gv‡m mgvß nq|

     K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi

1.       THOMAS, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, Bangalore, St. Pauls Press, 2000.

2.      HUGHES, Philip: The Church in crisis. A history of the general Councils, New York, Image Books, 1964.

3.      MURPHY, John L.: The General Councils of the church. New York, The Bruce                Publishing Company, New York, 1959.

4_© Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj gnvmfv (869 Lªxóvã)

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4_© Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj gnvmfv I gnvmfvi AvBbmg~n

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GB AvBb¸‡jv Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q 870 Lªxóv‡ãi 28 †k †deªæqvix gÐjxi 8g gnvmfv 4_© Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj bMix‡Z mgvß nq|

gnvmfvi cieZ©x NUbv I †dvwmqy‡mi DÌvb

hw`I gnvmfv mgvß n‡qwQj Z_vwc †dvwmqy‡mi ZrciZv ‡kl nqwb| †dvwmqym Avevi wd‡i Avmvi †Póv Pvjvb| wZwb mvZ eQi a‡i mgªvU I Zuvi eÜz‡`i wbev©mb †_‡K cÎ wj‡Lb| 876 Lªxóv‡ã mgªvU †dvwmqym‡K wbe©vmb †_‡K wdwi‡q G‡b Zuvi cy‡Îi M„nwkÿK wbhy³ K‡ib| Gig‡a¨ BMœvwmqvm 877 Lªxóv‡ã gviv †M‡j †dvwmqym mgªv‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ †cv‡ci AbygwZµ‡g mKj wb›`v ‡_‡K †invB †c‡q 878 Lªxóv‡ã AvP©wekc c‡` wbhy³ nb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb †cvc‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib hv‡Z cÖv‡P¨i GKwU wmb‡W K‡qKRb cÖwZwbwa cvVv‡bv nq Ges wekc‡`i g‡a¨ †h gZv‰bK¨ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Zv `~i Kiv nq| †dvwmqym wmb‡W 4_© Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj gnvmfvi mKj AvBb evwZj K‡ib| hLb †cvc Rb wmb‡Wi GB Lei Rvb‡Z cv‡ib ZLb †dvwmqym‡K Avevi c`P~¨Z Kiv nq| cieZ©x mvZ eQi †dvwmqym cÖv‡P¨i †cvc wnmv‡e kvmb K‡ib| mgªvU evwmj Gi g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ 6ô wjI mgªvU n‡q †dvwmqym‡K ew›` K‡i GKwU g‡V †cÖiY K‡ib| †mLv‡b †dvwmqym 897 Lªxóv‡ãi 6B †deªæqvix g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| †dvwmqym Gfv‡eB A_©W·wmRg cÖeZ©b K‡ib Ges K‡qK eQi ci A_©W· gÐjx cÖwZwôZ nq| ‡dvwmqy‡mi †cvc I j¨vwUb we‡ivax Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ A_©W·iv Zuv‡K mvay AvL¨vwqZ K‡i Ges †deªæqvix gv‡mi 6ô w`b Zuvi ce© cvwjZ nq|

K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi

1. Marietti, Mousignore: General History of the Christian Church from establishment to the eleventh century, Catholic Orphan Press, Calautta, 1892.

2. Thomas, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, St. Pauls Press, Bangalore, 2000.

3. Hughes, Philip: The Church in crisis, A history of the general councils, Image Books, New York, 1964.

4.  Kung, Hans: The Council, Reform and Reunion, Sheed and Ward, New York, 1961.

5| wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi `wjjmg~n (dv`vi d«vwÝm M‡gR mxgv I dv`vi evb©vW cvjgv m¤úvw`Z), Kv_wjK wekc mwb¥jbx, evsjv‡`k, 1990|

6| AvMwób, wR.: Lªxó-gÐjxi BwZnvm, K…òbMi, mvay †hv‡md †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU Ad& wcÖw›Us, 2005|

cÖ_g jv‡Zivb gnvag©mfv (1123 Lªxóvã)

wkwki WwgwbK †KvovBqv

1123 Lªxóv‡ã LªxógÐjxi beg gnvmfvwU †iv‡g AbywôZ nq| hv LªxógÐjxi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g jv‡Zivb gnvmfv bv‡g cwiwPZ| c~e©eZx© gnvmfvwU 253 eQi c~‡e© A_v©r 870 Lªxóv‡ã mgvß nq| 870 †_‡K 1123 Lªxóvã Gi ga¨eZx© mgq‡K gÐjxi el©wjwc‡Z behy‡Mi m~PbvKvix hyM e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m GB mgq‡K AÜKv‡ii hyM e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|

gÐjx KZ…©K †h mve©Rbxb åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡ai I fvjevmvi mf¨Zv cÖwZwóZ n‡qwQj ee©‡ivwPZ Avµg‡Yi d‡j Zv wejxb n‡q c‡o| GgbwK gÐjxI BD‡iv‡ci GB ee©‡ivwPZ kvmK‡`i nv‡Z †Ljvi mvgMÖx n‡q D‡V| ee©i kvm‡Kiv B”QvgvwdK ‡cvc, wekc, gVva¨¶ wbhy³ Ki‡Z _v‡K| G‡`i †KD †KD wQj g›` cÖK…wZi gvbyl Ges Zvi gÐjx I mf¨Zvi GK Ac~iYxq ¶wZ mvab K‡i| `xN© GK gnmªv‡ã Lªxóag© †h cweÎZv AR©b K‡iwQj Zv GK kZvãxi g‡a¨B wejxb n‡q hvq| µgvš^‡q ee©i kvm‡Kiv ag©všÍwiZ nq| ZviciI Zv‡`i Lªxóag© MÖn‡bi welqwU wQj bv‡g gvÎ hv‡Z cÖK©Z Lªxóvbymvixi mvgvb¨Zg g‡bvfve wQj| GB nZvkve¨ÄK Ae¯’v gÐxi hvRK‡`i cÖfvweZ K‡i| KviY GB hvR‡Kiv wQj Zv‡`i Lªxówek¦vmx‡`i gZ AÁ| wekc I gVva¨¶Mb cÖvqB wekvj RvqMv wb‡q cÖwZwôZ Zv‡`i ag©cÖ‡`k I g‡V evm Ki‡Zb bv| Zviv cÖvqB eb¨ cÖvYx wkKv‡ii KvR I eo `~‡M© g` I bvix‡`i wb‡q e¨wZe¨¯Í _vKZ| G‡`i A‡b‡KiB gÐjxi eo `vwqs‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ nevi Avnevb wQj bv, kyaygvÎ A‡_©i wewbg‡q Zviv GB ai‡Yi c` jvf KiZ|

GB hy‡Mi me‡P‡q cwiwPZ g›` w`K wQj wmgbx ev A‡_©i wewbg‡q ag©xq c` †Kbv-‡ePvi cÖ_v Ges DccZœxi mv‡_ emevm| gvÐjxK c`mg~n m‡ev©”P `v‡g †Kbv-†ePv nZ| †h‡nZz cvðvZ¨ gÐjx‡Z cy‡ivwnZ‡`i Rb¨ †KŠgvh©¨Zv wQj eva¨Zvg~jK ZvB A‡bK cy‡ivwnZ weev‡ni cwie‡Z© DccZœx ivLZ| gÐjx‡Z Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxeb wQj G‡Kev‡iB bMb¨|

GB jv‡Zivb gnvmfv Avnev‡bi cÖavY KviY n‡jv gÐjx‡Z GKwU eo ms¯‹vi Avbqb| GB ai‡Yi wech©‡qi g~j KviY n‡jv A‡hvM¨ wekc I gVva¨¶ Gi Awaôvb| ZrKvixb ivRv I Zvi AbyPvixiv †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ bq eis †h †ekx A_© cÖ`vb KiZ Zv‡K gvÐjxK c‡` g‡bvbqb w`Z| hLb †Kvb wekc ev gVva¨¶ wbe„vwPZ nZ, ZLb †m ivRvi mvg‡b nuvU w`‡q nv‡Z Avsw›U I ¶gZvi cÖZxKx gÐ MÖnY KiZ| Zvici g‡bvbxZ e¨w³ ivRcy‡Îi wb‡`©k gZ Pjvi kc_ wbZ| GB Abyôvb‡K ejv nZ Awaôvb| Avi GB Awaôvb Abyôvb mgvß n‡j gvÎ cÖv_x© AvP©wek‡ci gva¨‡g Awfwl³ nZ|

AÜKvi hy‡M cvðv‡Z¨i me †`‡kB GB Awaôvb cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj| Aek¨ GwU mZ¨ †h, me kvm‡KivB A‡_©i wewbg‡q gvÐwjK c`mg~n weµq KiZ bv| mgªvU Z…Zxq †nbix Ges weRqx mgªvU DBwjqvg GB cÖ_vi weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ G‡`i msL¨v wQj LyeB Kg Ges Giv †Kvbfv‡eB e„nËi g›`Zvi cwieZ©‡b †Zgb eo mvdj¨ jvf K‡ibwb|

GB ms¯‹v‡ii m~ÎcvZ nq †iv‡g| mgªvU †nbix 1049 Lªxóv‡ã Uz‡jv‡bi wekc eªæ‡bv‡K †cvc cw` g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| wekc eªæ‡bv †cvc wn‡m‡e beg wjI bvg †bb| wZwb mgMÖ BZvjx, d«vÝ I Rvgvb©x‡Z wewfbœ mfvi Avnevb K‡i GB ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb cweÎ I AweevwnZ ev †KŠgv©h eªZavix wekc, gVva¨¶ I cy‡ivwn‡Zi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| hviv Zvi GB gZv`‡ki we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj Zv‡`i wZwb ms‡kvab K‡ib GgbwK wZwb A‡bK‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡ib|

GB fv‡e GB ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡Póv †cvc wjIi g„Zz¨i ciI Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gic‡ii †cvcMY GB bxwZi wfwˇZ gvÐwjK c‡`i †Kbv-†ePv Ges DccZœxi mv‡_ emev‡mi g›` cÖ_vi Aemvb NUv‡Z m‡Pó nb|

1050 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc wØZxq wf±‡ii g„Zz¨i ci †iv‡gi hvRKMb mgªv‡Ui AbygwZ QvovB g‡šÍ Kvwm‡bvi gVva¨¶ †jv‡iBb Gi †d«WwiK‡K †cvciƒ‡c wbe©vwPZ K‡ib| wZwb beg †¯Ídvb bvg MÖnY K‡ib| wKš‘ †cvc nevi gvÎ mvZ gv‡mi g‡a¨ wZwb gyZ…¨e‡Y K‡ib weavq Zvui c‡¶ Lye †ekx wKQz Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|

bZzb †cvc wØZxq wb‡Kvjvm GKwU AvBb Rvix K‡ib hvi gva¨‡g †cvc wbe©vPb ïay KvwW©bvj‡`i g‡a¨ mxwgZ Kiv nq| ïaygvÎ KvwW©bvj‡`i nv‡Z †cvc wbev©P‡bi †fvUvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges ejv nq †h, msL¨vMwiô †fv‡Vi wfwˇZ †cvc wbe©vwPZ n‡e| ZvB †cvc wbe©vPb ivRv Ges mgªvU‡`i cÖfve I ¶gZv gy³ nq|

1061 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc wØZxq Av‡j∙RvÛvi me©cÖ_g Gfv‡e KvwW©bvj‡`i ×viv †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| Gici wbe©vwPZ nb †cvc mßg †MÖMix hvi c~e© bvg wQj wnìvieªvÐ| GB †cvc mßg †MÖMixB ivRv I mgªvU‡`i ×viv †cvc wbe©vP‡bi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡ib Ges 1123 Lªxóv‡ã gÐjxi beg gnvag©mfvi ga¨ w`‡q GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Av‡m|

1075 Lªxóv‡ã †iv‡g AbywôZ GK mfvi gva¨‡g wZwb mKj hvRK‡K wb‡`©k †`b ‡hb Zviv †Kvb Lªxóf³‡`i KvQ †_‡K †Kvb cÖKvi gvÐjxK c` MÖnY bv K‡ib| †KD hw` Zv K‡i Z‡e †Kvb wekcB †mB hvRK‡K Awfwl³ Ki‡eb bv| †Kvb wekc hw` GB ai‡Yi Awf‡lK †`b Z‡e †mB wekc gÐjxPz¨Z n‡e|

†cvc †MÖMixi ms¯‹v‡ii d‡j A‡bK RvqMvq agx©q c‡`i †Kbv-†ePv cÖ_v wejyß nq| bg©vwÛi mgªvU DBwjqvg Zvi K¨vÈvievixi wekc jvbd«v݇K wb‡q †cv‡ci GB ms¯‹v‡i c~Y© mg©_b †`b| Gi d‡j d«vÝ Ges Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv ev mgªvU KZ©„K gvÐwjK c‡` Awaôvb cÖ_v wejxb n‡q hvq| wKš‘ GB e¨vcv‡i Rvg©vbxi mgªvU Lye †ekx mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwb| †ivgxq mvgªvR¨ QvovI BZvixi A‡bK ag©cÖ‡`k GB Rvg©vb mgªvU ×viv cÖfvweZ wQj| ZvB wgjvb kn‡i †Mvj‡hvM †`Lv †`q|

1083 Lªxóv‡ã wgjv‡bi AvP©wekc gviv hvb| AvB‡bi wb‡lavÁv m‡Z¡I mgªvU PZz_© †nbix GB k~b¨ Avm‡b Zvi B”Qvbyhvqx wekc g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| †cvc GB Kv‡Ri Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| Gi cÖwZev‡` mgªvU †cvc‡K c`Pz¨Z Kivi Rb¨ Ò†e‡iÓ bvgK ¯’v‡b mKj wekc‡K mw¤§wjZ nevi Avnevb K‡ib| hLb †e‡i Gi mfv cÖvq †kl n‡Z P‡j‡Q ZLb †cvc mgªvU‡K c`Pz¨Z †NvlYv K‡ib Ges Zvi Aax‡bi cÖRv‡`i Zvi ¶gZvgy³ K‡i †`b|

mgªvU I Zvi wekcMY iv‡fbœvi AvP©wekc‡K Zv‡`i †cvc wbe©vPb K‡ib| mgªvU †nbix ¯^qs GB AvP©wekc‡K mvay wcZ‡ii Avm‡b emv‡bvi Rb¨ †iv‡g wb‡q Av‡mb| †cvc †MÖMix mvšÍ Avb‡R‡jv `~‡M© cvwj‡q wM‡q Avkªq †bb| c‡i bg©vbiv ‡cvc‡K D×vi K‡ib| 1085 Lªxóv‡ãi 25 †k †g †cvc †MÖMix gyZz¨eiY K‡ib|

cieZx© wZb ermi gÐjx‡Z †Kvb †cvc wQj bv| 1088 Lªxóv‡ã KvwW©bvjMY wØZxq De©vY‡K †cvc †MÖMixi DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| Gici †cvc wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib †cvc wØZxq Kvwj¯‘m whwb LªxógÐjxi ms¯‹v‡ii mg_©K wQ‡jb| Z‡e wZwb †h †Kvb ai‡Yi mg‡SvZv Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| wZwb mgªvU †nbix‡K gÐjxPz¨Z K‡ib Ges Gid‡j mgªvU hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l 1122 Lªxóv‡ã 23 †mÞ¤^i Iqv‡g©i Pzw³ ¯^v¶‡ii gva¨‡g †cvc Ges mgªv‡Ui ga¨Kvi m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| mgªvU KZ…©K gvÐjxK c` cÖ`v‡bi cÖ_vi mgvwß T‡U Ges gÐjxi weRq wbwðZ nq| †mB Pzw³‡Z mgªvU wi‡Lb, ÒCk¦i I cweÎ †ivgvb Kv_wjK gÐjxi cÖwZ fvjevmvi cÖZxK ¯^iƒc Avwg me ai‡Yi gvÐjxK Awaôv‡bi AwaKvi cÖZ¨vnvi Kwi Ges GB Pzw³i AvIZvq mg¯Í wekc Ges gVva¨¶ Gi cÖfvegy³|Ó GB Pzw³ ¯^v¶‡ii ci Avw¯Íqvi wekc LªxóhvM DrmM© K‡ib Ges kvwšÍ wewbg‡qi mgq mgªv‡Ui mv‡_ kvwšÍ Pz¤^b K‡ib Ges Gw`b mgªvU‡K cweÎ LªxócÖmv` cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

†cvc Ges mgªv‡Ui ga¨Kvi Pzw³i ga¨ w`‡q gÐjx Ges iv‡óª kvwšÍ wd‡i Av‡m| Ab¨w`‡K †cvc Kvwj¯‘m gnvag©mfv Avnev‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z _v‡Kb hv‡Z K‡i gÐjxi wekc I gVva¨¶MY Lªxóªxq Av`‡k© wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB wZwb me wekc‡`i wPwV wj‡L cÖvqwðËKv‡ji Z…Zxq iweevi hv wQj 1123 Lªxóv‡ãi 18 gvP© †iv‡gi jv‡Zivb gnvgw›`‡i mg‡eZ nevi Avnevb K‡ib|

†cv‡ci wb‡`©k g‡Zv cÖvqwðËKv‡ji Z…Zxq iweevi GK mnmªvwaK wekc Ges gVva¨¶ †iv‡g Dcw¯ÍZ nb| wekc‡`i Aaxb¯’ Av‡iv A‡bK cy‡ivwnZ Ges ˆmwbKI †iv‡g Av‡mb| gnvgw›`‡ii eo wgjqvZbwU‡Z GK nvRv‡ii †ekx wek‡ci ¯’vb msKzjvb nqwb| Gi c~‡e© GZ eo mgv‡ek wek¦evmx KL‡bv ‡`‡Lwb|

gnvmfvi cÖ_g Kvh©wewa wQj †cvc Kvwj¯‘‡mi mfvcwZ‡Ë¡ Iqvg Pzw³i (Worms) ms‡kvabx| me wekcB Gi c‡¶ gZ †`b| Gici †cvc gnvmfvq Dcw¯’Z mKj wekc Ges gVva¨¶‡`i Zv‡`i e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b ms¯‹vi Avbq‡bi Dci `xN© e³e¨ †`b| wZwb hvRK‡`i agx©q c‡`i †Kbv †ePv Ges A‰bwZK Rxe‡bi Aemvb NUv‡bvi `vex Rvbvb| †h mg¯Í wekc Ges gVva¨¶ A‡_©i wewbg‡q agx©q c`vmxb nb Zviv †cv‡ci GB †mv”Pvi e³‡e¨ kw¼Z nb|

Gi c‡ii w`b gnvag©mfv GKwU wbw`©ó wewa cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g agx©q c` †Kbv-†ePv Ges DccZœx ivLvi cÖ_vi Aemvb Kvh©µg nv‡Z ‡bqv nq| GB wel‡q †Kvb Av‡jvPbv wQj bv| †cvc wbw`©ó wKQz wbq‡gi D‡jøL K‡ib Ges Dcw¯’Z wekc Ges gVva¨¶MY mK‡j †Kvb Av‡jvPbv QvovB G¸‡jv‡Z m¤§wZ †`b|

jv‡Zivb gnvmfvq me©‡gvU 22wU wewa me© m¤§wZµ‡g MÖnY Kiv nq| GB wewa Abymv‡i agx©©q c` †Kbv †ePvi welqwUi Zxeª wb›`v Rvbv‡bv nq Ges ejv nq †h mg¯Í wekc Ges gVva¨¶MY GBfv‡e c` jvf K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i c`Pz¨Z Kiv DwPZ| †Kvb Lªxóf³ gÐjxi m¤ú` wbqš¿b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| ïaygvÎ wekcMY cvj-cy‡ivwnZ wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| A‰ea †cvc ×viv Awf‡lK A‰ea e‡j wewewPZ n‡e| µz‡kW ev ag©hy‡×i Kvi‡Y cyY¨f~wg‡Z _vKvi mgq wb‡Ri †`‡k Kv‡iv m¤ú` A‡b¨iv `Lj Ki‡j m¤ú``LjKvix gÐjxPz¨Z n‡e| †h mg¯Í `my¨ Zx_©hvÎx‡`iAvµgb Ki‡e Zv‡`i R‡b¨I GKB ai‡bi kvw¯Í cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|

hviv eªZxq Rxe‡b i‡q‡Q Zviv weevn Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| GB ai‡Yi e¨w³ ×viv Avkx©evw`Z weevn evwZj e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e Ges `yB c¶‡KB cÖvqwðË Ki‡Z n‡e| hviv Rvj UvKv gy`ªY Ki‡e Zv‡`i kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e gÐjxPz¨Z Kiv n‡e| Ae‡k‡l 1124 Lªxóv‡ã 27 gvP© jv‡Zivb cÖ_g gnvag©mfv (LªxógÐjxi beg gnvag©mfv) mgvß nq|  

K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi

1. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2^nd ed., V.8, Lateran Four’ by C. Duggan, 2003

2. HUGHER, Philip: The Fourth General Council of Lateran, New York, Hansver, 1960.

3. THOMAS, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, Mumbai, St. Pauls Press, 2000.

2q jv‡Zivb gnvmfv (1139 wLª÷vã)

 †mvnvM ewbdvm Mvwej

wØZxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfv K¨v_wjK gÐjxi BwZnv‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| 1124 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g jv‡Zivb gnvmfv †kl nevi ci ciB †cvc 2q K¬vw·mUvm gviv hvq| Zvui g„Zy¨©i ci jvgev©U†K KvwWbv©jMb †cvc c‡` wbev©Pb K‡ib| wZwb c‡i †cvc wØZxq †nvbvwiDm bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| 1130 wLª÷v‡ã †cvc ‡nvbvwiDm gviv †M‡j ci GbvwK¬Uvm whwb †iv‡g GK m¤£všÍ cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wQ‡jb wKQz msL¨K KvwW©bvj H cwiev‡ii cÿ Aej¤^b K‡i Zv‡K †cvc c‡` wbev©Pb K‡ib| wZwb †cvc wØZxq GbvwK¬Uvm bvg avib K‡ib| wVK GKB mg‡q †iv‡g AviI GKwU  m¤£všÍ cwievi  wQ‡jv Ges H cwievi †_‡K Ab¨ wKQz msL¨K KvwW©bvjMY B‡bœv‡m›U‡K †cvc c‡` wbev©Pb K‡i|  wZwb †cvc wØZxq B‡bœv‡m›U bvg avib K‡ib| gÐjx‡Z cÖvq †PŠÏ eQi GKB mg‡q `yRb †cvc wQj| Z‡e GB `yRb †cv‡ci g‡a¨ †KDB gvÐjxK AvB‡bi 1059 bs ‰ea¨ aviv Abyhvqx wbev©wPZ nqwb| †cvc wØZxq GbvwK¬Uvm Zvi cÖfvekvjx cwievi I eÜz‡`i ÿgZve‡j †ivg `Lj K‡i wQ‡jb| †cvc cvc wØZxq B‡bœv‡m›U Zvi Rxe‡bi f‡q Gí‡m cvwj‡q hvb| †mLv‡b wZwb d«v‡Ýi ivRv 4_ jyB‡mi mvnvh¨ jvf K‡ib| d«vÝ, Bs‡jÐ I ‡¯úb †_‡K wZwb we‡kl mvnvh¨ jvf K‡ib| wmwmwji bigvb ivRv  †cvc B‡bœv‡m‡›Ui we‡ivaxZv K‡ib| 1138 wLª÷v‡ã †cvc wØZxq GbvwK¬Uvm gviv hvq Ges mvay evYv©‡Wi mnvqZvq †cvc wØZxq B‡bœv‡m›U †iv‡g Zvi ÿgZv jvf K‡i|

†cvc wØZxq B‡bœv‡m›U ÿgZv jvf Kivi ci 1139 wLª÷v‡ãi 4Vv GwcÖj wØZxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfv AvnŸvb K‡ib| jv‡Zivb gnvgw›`‡i AbywôZ G gnvmfvq 500 R‡biI †ewk wekc Ges mgvb msL¨K hvRK I gVevmx mbœ¨vmxiv Ask MÖnY K‡i| G gnvmfv WvKvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj hviv †cvc wØZxq GbvwK¬U‡mi cÿ Aej¤^b K‡iwQj Ges hviv †cvc wØZxq B‡bœv‡›Ui we‡ivaxZv K‡iwQj Zv‡`i kvwmÍ cª`vb Kiv| ZvQvov G mgq wcUvi eªæBm wbI g¨vwbKvb åvšÍ wkÿv `¦viv Lªx÷cÖmv` I Lªx÷hvM‡K Ag~jK cÖ`k©b e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| wZwb weevn, Lªx÷hvM I wkï `xÿv¯œv‡bi we‡ivaxZv K‡ib| Aci w`‡K Av‡bv©ì åvšÍ wkÿv cÖPvi K‡i ej‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jb †h gÐjx Lªx‡÷i A`„k¨gvb †`n hv G RM‡Zi bq, ci RM‡Zi Ges gÐjx e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq †Kvb m¤ú` ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv|

wZbwU Awa‡ek‡b G gnvmfv cwiPvwjZ nq| cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b A‡bK wekcMY †cvc wØZxq B‡bœv‡m‡›Ui AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ib| wKQz wekc†K †cvc A¯^xKvi K‡ib| wØZxq Awa‡ek‡b 30wU gvÐjxK AvBb Kiv nq hvi AwaKvskB cÖ_g jv‡Zivb gnvmfvi AvBb¸‡jv‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i|

cÖ`Ë gvÐjxK AvBb mg~n

1.       GLv‡b ejv nq †h hviv A‰ea¨ fv‡e hvRK c‡` Awfwl³ n‡q‡Q hviv Zviv †hb Zv‡`i ÿgZv Z¨vM K‡i|

2.       hviv A‰ea¨ fv‡e gvÐjxi cweÎ e¯‘ Kªq K‡i Zviv kvw¯Íi †hvM¨|

3.      hviv wekcMY Øviv gÐjxPz˨ n‡q‡Qb †KD hw` Zv‡`i MªnYK‡i Z‡e H e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ ZvivI gÐjxPzË e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

4.       wekcMY, hvRK I mKj mbœvmx‡`i ejv nq Zviv †hb AwZiwÄZ †cvkvK cwiavb bv K‡ib| Zv‡`i RxebÑhvc‡b †hb cweÎZv I b¤ªZv cÖKvk cvq|

5.      g„Z wek‡ci I hvR‡Ki m¤úwË Ab¨‡KI †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| †m¸‡jv gÐjxi †KvlvMv‡i Rgv _vK‡e| †KD G e¨vc‡i n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡j Zv‡K gÐjxPzZ¨ Kiv n‡e|

6.       hviv mve& wWKb n‡qI we‡q K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i ejv nq Zviv †hb gÐjx†Z Zv‡`i c` Z¨vM K‡i I G†ÿ‡Î gÐjx †_‡K Zv‡`i Avi Ab¨  †Kvb my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv n‡ebv|

7.      weevwnZ hvRK KZ©©„K DrmM©K…Z Lªx÷hv‡M Lªx÷f³MY †hb AskMÖnY bv K‡&i|

8.      mbœ¨vmeªwZbx‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI GKB wbqg _vK‡e|

9.       hviv eªZ aviY K‡iI RvMwZK we‡kl K‡i hvi ivóªxq AvBb I wPwKrmv we`¨v wkL‡Z AvMÖnx Zv‡`i wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nq|

10.   wekc‡`i cÖvc¨ m¤ú` f³RbMb Aek¨B w`‡e| Ab¨_vq wekc Zv‡`i gÐjxPzZ¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

11.   hvRKMY, gVevmxMY, Zx_©hvÎx I K…lKiv †hb Zv‡`i M„ncvwjZ cïi hZœ †bq|

12.   hy× weiwZ‡K kÖ×v Ki‡Z n‡e|  †KD hw` bv K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K gvÐjxPzZ¨ Kiv n‡e|

13.   hviv Hk weav‡bi weiæ‡× KvR K‡i Zv‡`i gÐjxPzZ¨ Kiv n‡e|

14.   bvBU‡`i Øviv †KejgvÎ Avb›` I kw³ cÖ`k‡b©i †Ljv e©Rb Ki‡Z n‡e| G wbwl× †Ljvq †KD hw` gviv hvq Z‡e Zv‡K Lªxw÷q mgvwa †`Iqv n‡ebv|

15.   hw` †KD wekc ev hvRK‡K kvixwiKfv‡e AvNvZ K‡i Z‡e ‡m gÐjxPzZ¨ n‡e|

16.   gÐjxi cwiPvjbvi fvi eskMZm~‡Î cvIqv †Kvb AwaKvi bq, eis †hvM¨ Ges avwg©K e¨w³‡KB G `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

17.   gÐjx‡Z cwiPvjbvq †hb †Kvb A‰ea¨ c_ †bqv bv nq|

18.    gÐjx weiæ× †Kvb KvR Kiv n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ `vqx e¨w³‡K gÐjxPzZ¨ Kiv n‡e|

19.   hw` †Kvb wekc Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b Ae‡njv K‡i Z‡e GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zvi ÿwZ c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|

20.   ejv nq †h mgªvU †hb wek‡ci mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i b¨vh¨Zv ¯’vc‡b KvR K‡i|

21.   weevwnZ hvRK‡`i cy·`i Awf‡lK †`Iqv n‡e bv hw` bv Zviv gVevmx wnmv‡e Rxeb hvcb K‡i| Ab¨_vq †e`xi †mev KvR †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e|

22.   †KD †hb wg_¨v AbyZvc bv †`Lvq, Ab¨_vq †m biK kvw¯ÍZzj¨ cvc K‡i|

23.   hviv wg_¨v a‡g© AbyKiY K‡i Zviv wLª‡ói †`n I i³, wkï `xÿv, hvRKeiY I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯‹v‡ii cÖwZ Afw³ †`Lvq|

24.   cweÎ Awf‡lK, `xÿv, †ivMx‡jcb †Z‡ji Rb¨ UvKv PvIqv hv‡e bv|

25.   mvaviY RbMY hZB fw³ cÖ`k©b KiæK bv †Kb gÐjxi m¤ú‡`i Dci Zv‡`i wb‡R¯^ †Kvb ÿgZv †bB|

26.    eªZavixwbi‡`i Øviv wbqg jsNb  AcweÎRbK KvR gÐjx n‡Z PywË n‡Z cv‡i|

27.   mbœ¨vwmbxiv gVevmx‡`i mv‡_ GKB `‡j Mvb MvB‡Z cvi‡e bv|

28.    †Kvb gÐjxB wek‡ci g„Zy¨i ci wZb gv‡mi ‡ekx wekcxq c` Lvwj ivLv hv‡e bv|

29.   Ly‡bi `v‡q wekc KvD‡K gÐjxPzZ¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

30.  wcUvi wjIbx KZ©…K cÖ`Ë Awf‡lK A‰ea e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq|

Ae‡k‡l, 1139 wLª÷v‡ãi Ryb gv‡m G gnvmfvi mgvwß †NvlYv Kiv nq| cwi‡k‡l, ejv hvq †h, w`¦Zxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfv K¨v_wjK gÐjxi BwZnv‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| hw`I G gnvmfv A‡bK AvBb cªYqb K‡i‡Q, hvi AwaKvskB cÖ_g jv‡Zivb gnvmfvi Abyiyc GB AvBb ¸‡jv‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z GZUv mÿg nqwb|

     Bibliography

1.      THOMAS, P.C., “General Councils of The Church”, Published by- St. PAULS, 23^rd Road TPS III, Bandra, Mumbai, 2008

2.      BELLITTON, M. Christopher, “The general Council of The Church”, Mahwah, New York: 2012

3.      The Catholic Encyclopedia, by MICHEAL, OTT, Edition, V.4, S.V. “General Council”, 2003

4.      http://en.papalencyclopedia.org/papal/second Council of Lateran

Z…Zxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfv (1179 Lªxóvã)

my‡ik wW. wcDixwd‡Kkb

 

f~wgKv

LªxógÐjx‡Z †gvU 21wU gnvmfv AbywôZ nq| Avi GB gnvmfvi g‡a¨ wewfbœ åvšÍgZev‡`i Aemvb nq, gÐjxi wewfbœ wbqgKvby‡bi cwieZ©b, ms‡hvRb I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| gÐjx‡Z †h mKj gnvmfv AbywôZ nq Gi g‡a¨ Z…Zxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gnvmfv| †cvc Z…Zxq Av‡jKRvÛvi 1179 Lªxóv‡ãi 5 gvP© GB gnvmfv AvneŸvb K‡ib| GB gnvmfvi Av‡Mi wKQz mgq gÐjx‡Z †cvc wbev©Pb wb‡q wKQzUv RwUjZv †`Lv †`q, ZLb wZbRb we‡ivax †cvcI wQ‡jb| cÖvq ‡ek wKQz eQi a‡i gÐjx‡Z †cv‡ci ˆeaZv wb‡q mgm¨v wQj Ges gnvmfv¸‡jv‡Z †cvc‡`i Dci mgªvU‡`i ÿgZv I  AvwacZ¨ wQj|

†cvc wbe©vPb I gnvmfvi cUf~wg

LªxógÐjx‡Z †cvc wbe©vPb wb‡q GKwU eo ai‡bi RwUjZv †`Lv †`q KviY ‡m mg‡q ivRv‡`i AvwacZ¨ wQj A‡bK †ewk Ges mgªvUMYB †cvc wbe©vP‡b ejcÖ‡qvM Ki‡Zb| †cvc PZz_© Avw›`ªqvb hLb gviv hvb ZLb KvwW©bvjMY bZzb †cvc wbev©Pb K‡ib hvi bvg †cvc Z…Zxq Av‡jKRvÛvi| wKš‘ mgªvU Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K †cvc wn‡m‡e †g‡b †bqwb Ges bZzb Av‡iKRb‡K †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©k †`b| KvwW©bvjMY cybivq Av‡iKRb‡K †cvc wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ K‡ib hvi bvg PZz_© wf±i| gÐjx‡Z †cv‡ci ˆeaZv wb‡q bvb  mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mgªvU Ges A‰ea †cvc‡`i AvwacZ¨ Gfv‡e `xN© mgq Pj‡Z _v‡K| we‡ivax †cvc PZz_© wf±i gviv hvIqvi ci †cvc Z…Zxq cv®‹vj Ges Z…Zxq Kvwj¯‘m A‰ea †cvc wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ nb| †cvc Av‡jKRvÛvi gÐjxi ‰ea †cvc n‡qI †Kvb AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z bv †c‡i wZwb d«vÝ †`‡k cjvqb K‡ib Ges wmwmwjqvi ivRv Zv‡K wbivcËv †`b| Gw`‡K †iv‡g A‰ea †cvc wcZ‡ii gw›`‡i ivRv cÖ_g †d«WvwiK‡K I Zvi ¯¿x‡K ivRKxq gyKzU cwi‡q m¤§vb Rvbvb| GKmgq mgªvU wgjvb ivR¨ AvµgY K‡ib Ges civwRZ nb| c‡i wZwb †`‡k kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †cvc Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbvb Ges wZwb ‡cv‡ci AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ib Ges BZvwji wewfbœ cª‡`‡k mwVKfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| †cvc Av‡jKRvÛvi 1177 Lªxóv‡ã †fwb‡m kvwšÍ Ks‡MÖm ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges fwel¨‡Z wKfv‡e †cvc wbe©vPb Kiv hvq †m wel‡q  wPšÍv K‡ib| wZb Zvi mfvm`‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i GKwU gnvmfv Av‡qvRb Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib|

Z…Zxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfvq AskMÖnYKvix I Kvh©µg

†cvc Z…Zxq Av‡jKRvÛvi 11Zg gnvmfv AvneŸvb K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b †ek wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| GB gnv mfvq cÖvq 300 Rb KvwW©bvj wekcMY, gVvaÿ, wewfbœ ms‡Ni mywcwiqi Ges mvaviY RbMY‡`i ga¨ †_‡K cÖwZwbwaMY †hvM †`b| MÖxK‡`i cÖwZwbwa †b‡µvwmqvm, Zvqvi I wmRvwiqvi wekcMY, c~ev©Â‡ji cÖwZwbwa wcÖ‡q‡iv wcUvi, cweÎ †m‡cj‡Pwi I †e_‡j‡n‡gi wekc, †Riæmv‡j‡gi wekc, †¯ú‡bi 9 Rb wekc, Avqvij¨v‡Ûi 6 Rb wekc ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi 1 Rb wekc, Bsj¨v‡Ûi 7 Rb wekc dªv‡Ýi 59 Rb wekc, Rvg©vbxi 17 Rb wekc, †WbgvK© I nv‡½ix †_‡K 1 Rb K‡i wekc GB gnvmfvq AskMÖnY K‡ib| GB gnvmfvwU mvay R‡bi e¨vwmwjKv jv‡Ziv‡b AbywôZ nq hv Ôjv‡Zivb gnvmfv Õbv‡g cwiwPZ| mfvi cÖ_g w`‡bi Av‡jvPbvq wekcMY I gVvaÿ¨MY A‰ea †cvc‡`i wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i‡K ÿgv `v‡bi Rb¨ †cvc g‡nv`q‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib| †cvc g‡nv`q mK‡ji mvg‡b Zv‡`i‡K ÿgv K‡ib| †mw`b †cvc g‡nv`q Bsj¨v‡Ûi 2 Rb Ges ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi 2 Rb‡K wekc c‡` AwawôZ K‡ib| c‡ii w`b mfvq åvšÍ gZev` wb‡q A‡jvPbv Kiv nq| GB åvšÍgZev`wU dªv‡Ý D™¢e nq Ges ÔIqvj‡WwÝm&Õ bvgK gZev` wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq| GB gZev‡`i wec‡ÿ h_vh_ hyw³ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g Zv Aemvb Kiv nq| GQvov G gnvmfvq ‡cvc wbe©vPb, wekc g‡bvbqb Kivi wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| hvRK‡`i wel‡qI wewfbœ wbqgbxwZ GB gnvmfvq wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|

Iqvj‡W‡Ým Gi gZev` (1170 Lªxóvã)

Z…Zxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfv ïiæi Av‡M †_‡KB GB åvšÍgZev`wUi DrcwË nq| GwU g~jZ d«v‡Ýi wj‡qvÝ bMixi Awaevmx wcUvi fvj‡WÝ ev Iqvj‡Wv KZ„©K 1170 Lªxóv‡ã m~Pbv nq| Gici †_‡K wewfbœ Dc`jxq m`m¨ ev mg_©K‡`i bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv nq| Iqvj‡Wv GKRb abx e¨w³ wQ‡jb wKš‘ wZwb Zv Mixe‡`i gv‡S wewj‡q w`‡q †cÖwiZwkl¨‡`i AbyKi‡Y `wi`ªZv cvjb I g½jmgvPvi wb‡`©wkZ Rxeb hvcb Kivi cwiKíbv K‡ib| wZwb mvay AvMwób, mvay †h‡ivg, mvay †MÖMix I Ab¨vb¨‡`i mvay‡`i wKQz eB †`kxq fvlvq Abyev` K‡i hv Ômvb‡šÍbwmmÕ bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv nq| wZwb I Zvi m½xiv wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Zv cÖPvi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| wj‡qv‡Ýi gnvag©cvj Zv‡`i‡K G cÖPvi e‡Üi Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡ib wKš‘ Zviv Zv gvb‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib| †cvcI Zv‡`i‡K cÖPvi e‡Üi Rb¨ AvneŸvb K‡ib Ges †k‡l Zv‡`i‡K gÐjxPz¨Z Kiv nq| wKš‘ Iqvj‡WÝcš’xi wbfx©Kfv‡e cÖPvi KvR Pvwj‡q †h‡Z jvM‡jb| Ae‡k‡l Z…Zxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfvq †cvc Z…Zxq Av‡jKRvÛvi åvšÍgZev`Kvix‡`i weiy‡× kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`k© †`b| cieZ©x‡Z †cvc wjwjqvm I mgªvU †d«WwiK evev©mv mw¤§wjZ fv‡e åvšÍgZev`Kvix‡`i weiæ‡× `gb bxwZ Awfhvb ïiæ K‡ib| g~jZ GB gZev`wUi D‡Ïk¨ wQj gÐjx‡Z abx-Mix‡ei-ˆelg¨ wbimb I Mixe‡`i gv‡S g½jevYx cÖPvi Kiv  wKš‘ †mwU cieZ©x‡Z åvšÍgZev` wn‡m‡e iƒc wb‡qwQj|

Z…Zxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfvq M„wnZ wm×všÍ ¸‡jv gÐjxi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb wQj| wb‡¤œ GB welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv nj:

1| GKgvÎ KvwW©bvjM‡Yi †fvU cÖ`v‡bi _vK‡e Ges  1/3 †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g  GKRb †cvc wbev©wPZ n‡eb|

2| hw` †Kvb KvwW©bvj 2/3 msL¨vMwiôZv Qvov wbev©Pb‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K gÐjx †_‡K ewn¯‹vi Kiv n‡e|

3| hviv åvšÍwkÿvi Abymvix‡`i Øviv Awfwl³ n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i cybivq ZvwjKv fz³ Kiv n‡e KviY Zv‡`i ‰eaZv wQj bv |

4| ‡Kvb hvRK wÎk eQi eq‡mi Av‡M wekcc‡` Awfwl³ n‡Z cvi‡e bv

5| †Kvb cy‡ivwnZ cwPuk eQi eqm bv n‡j cvj cy‡ivwnZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv |

6| †Kvb ag©cjøx‡Z wek‡ci cvjKxq mdi, cvjcy‡ivwnZ †evSv g‡b Ki‡eb bv I  wekc †gvU PwjøkwU †Nvov wb‡q †h‡Z cvi‡eb|

7| gÐjxPz¨Z Kivi kvw¯Íi weavb Abyhvqx GKRb e¨w³‡Z ‡mUv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e hLb H e¨w³i Rb¨ Avi †Kvb c_ †Lvjv _v‡K bv|

8| ‡h †Kvb we‡q Avwkev©`, A‡šÍwówµqv I ms¯‹vixq Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q UvKv MÖnY Kiv wb‡la Kiv nq|

9| hviv wgwjUvix AvB‡b †U¤úvim& I nmwcUjvim& Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B †mB AvB‡bi cÖwZ eva¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|

10| cy‡ivwnZMY †Kvb gwnjv‡K c¨vwi‡m wb‡q †h‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges †Kvb wm÷vi I ag©eªwZbx‡`i evwo cwi`©k‡b †h‡Z cvi‡e bv|

11| cÖwZwU K¨vw_Wªvj wMR©vq Mixe hvRK‡`i Rb¨ GKwU K‡i wkÿvcÖwZôvb _vK‡Z n‡e|

12| hviv wekc ev cvjcy‡ivwnZ bv Rvwb‡q wek¦vmx‡`i KvQ †_‡K UvKv MÖnY Ki‡j Zv‡`i‡K gÐjx †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv n‡e|

13| cy‡ivwnZMY †Kvb ai‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Kv‡R AskMªnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

14| wekcMY Kzô‡ivMx‡`i Rb¨ cÖwZwU ag©cÖ‡`‡k GKwU wbivgqKvix cÖwZôvb wbg©vY Ki‡eb|

15| LªxóvbMY ag©hy‡× †hvM`vbKvix gymwjg ev †e`yCb‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv |

16| ivRv I ivRcyÎMY gÐjx‡Z †h‡Kvb åvšÍgZev` cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

17| Iqvj‡W‡Ým DBÛ‡jbm& åvšÍgZev`Kvix‡`i †`vlx e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq Ges gÐjxPzZ Kiv nq|

18| ÔmvBgbxÕ bv‡g A_© msMÖ‡ni ‡h e¨emv wQj Zv wb‡la Kiv nq|

19| eûZ¡ev` wb‡q †h mgm¨v wQj Zv mgvavb Kiv nq|

20| cy‡ivwnZ‡`i wewfbœ wicy msh‡gi wel‡q AvneŸvb K‡ib Ges hvRK mb¨vmx Zx_©hvÎx‡`i wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi wm×všÍ ‡bIqv nq|

21| †Kvb wMR©vq GKR‡bi †ewk cwiPvjK _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv |

22| AvBbMZ AwaKv‡i Rb¨ Avwcj wefvM _vK‡Z n‡e|

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ga¨w`‡q Z„Zxq jv‡Zivb gnvmfvi mgvwß N‡U 1179 Lªxóv‡ã| G gnvmfvq †h mKj wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb Zv cieZ©x PZz_© gnvmfvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| 

g~jZ jv‡Zivb gnvmfvi Av‡M A‰ea¨ †cvc‡`i †h AvwacZ¨ wQj Ges †cvc‡`i ‰eaZv wb‡q †h RwUjZv wQj, Zv jv‡Zivb gnvmfvi g‡a¨ w`‡q Aemvb nq Ges GKwU HK¨ g‡Z Av‡mb| GB gnvmfvq †cvc wbev©P‡bi GKwU AvBb ‰Zwi Kiv nq| GB gnvmfvq GKwU åvšÍgZev‡`i wec‡ÿ hyw³ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Zv Aemvb Kiv nq hv A‡bKw`b a‡i gÐjxi g‡a¨ weåvwšÍ m„wó K‡i AvmwQj| GQvov GB gnvmfvq AviI †ek wKQz bZzb wbqg I AvBb ˆZwi Kiv nq hv LªxógÐjx‡K wek¦v‡mi c‡_ Pj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i hv‡”Q|   

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ

1.  The Catholic Encyclopedia for School and Home, v. 6, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1965. 

2. New Catholic Encyclopedia, v. 8, The Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., 2003.

3. Tomas, P.C: General Council of the Church, St Paul Press, Mumbai, 2000.

4. AvMwób, dv: wR. Ges G›Ub myeªZ gÊj (Abyev`K): LªxógÊjxi BwZnvm, mvay †hv‡md †Uªwbs BbwówUDU Ad& wcÖwUs, K…òbMi, 2005|

                                                                                                                          

jv‡Uiv‡b PZz_© ag©mfv (1215 Lªxt)

Zzlvi †Rwfqvi K¯Ív

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wZwb †¯ú‡bi gyim (Moors) Gi wei“‡× µz‡m‡Wi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡qwQ‡jb hv 1212 Lªxóv‡ã bvfvm w` Uzjym hy‡× (Navas de Tolose) †¯ú‡bi weag©x‡`i kw³ †f‡½ w`‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb biI‡qi †jvK‡`i m‡½ wb‡q ˆ¯^ivPvixi (tyrannical) ivRvi wei“axZv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb nvs‡Mixi ivRv G‡gwiK Ges Zvi fvB‡qi g‡a¨ wggvsmv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Zvi cÖwZwbwa‡`i‡K †cvj¨v‡Ûi GKRb we‡`ªvnx AvP©wek‡ci Kv‡Q cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb myB‡W‡bi wmsnvm‡bi `yB cÖwZØ›Øxi `vex DËivwaKv‡i cÖkœwU wggvsmv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb PZz_© µz‡m‡Wi cweÎ f~~wg cybi“×vi Ki‡Z wb‡`©k K‡iwQ‡jb| hLb †fwbwUqvbmiv (Venitians) Zv‡`i RvnvR¸‡jv Ab¨w`‡K PvwjZ K‡i Kb÷vbwU‡bvcj AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb cweÎ f~wgi cwie‡Z©, B‡bœv‡m›U †fwbm‡K wb‡lavÁvi Aax‡b †i‡LwQ‡jb|

d«vwÝmKvb I WwgwbKvb‡`i bZzb wb‡`©k¸‡jv †cvc B‡bœv‡m›U mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †cv‡ci me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb 1215 Lªxóv‡ã 12Zg LªªxógÊjxi mvaviY gnvmfv cwiPvjbv| Zvr¶wYK KviY wQj `ywU åvšÍ gZev`, hv‡K ejv nq gvwbwQm Ges Avjwe‡R‡Ým| gvwbi Abymvixiv gvwbwQm wQ‡jb hv nq GKwU cviwmqvb k‡ãi A_© B‡j­vmwUªDm (Illustrious), hvnvi cÖK…Z bvg wQj Dewi‡Kvm (Ubricus)| wZwb 1215 Lªxóv‡ã evwej‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi evev wQ‡jb ag©xq `‡ji GKRb cÖPviK whwb †gbW‡qbm (Mandaens) bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zviv GK ai‡bi cÖwZgv c~Rvix wQ‡jb| Zviv gvsm, g`, bvix n‡Z weiZ _vK‡Zb| GgbwK Zv‡`i Kv‡Q weevn Kiv wQj gvivZ¡K cvc| gvwbi g‡Z, †mLv‡b wQj eo kw³, fvj Ck¦i I g›` Ck¦i| c„w_exi mKj fvj wRwbm fvjwKQz Ck¦i KvQ n‡Z Av‡m c¶všÍ‡i mKj g›`w`K Av‡m g›` Ck¦‡ii KvQ †_‡K| †m `k AvÁvi Øviv fvj Ck¦i‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z †jvK‡`i wk¶v w`w”Q‡jb| wZwb cÖwZgv cyRv, wg_¨v K_v ejv, A_© wjáv, binZ¨v, e¨wfPvi, Pzwi, hv`ywe`¨v, fÛvgx Ges Zvi wk¶vi cÖwZ D`vmxb _vK‡Z wb‡la K‡iwQ‡jb|

mKj m`m¨‡KB `k AvÁv cvjb Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| †mLv‡b Abymvix‡`i `ywU RvwZ wQj, wbe©vwPZ ev Dchy³ Ges †kªvZv kZKiv 1 Rb gvÎ B‡j‡±i c¶ n‡qwQ‡jb| Zviv †h‡Kvb RvqMvq ¯’vqxfv‡e _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv, we‡q Ki‡Z, wb‡R m¤úwË ivL‡Z, gvsm †L‡Z A_ev g` †L‡Z cvi‡e bv| Zv‡`i‡K evwYR¨, evox‡Z AwaKvi ¯’vcb A_ev hv`ywe`¨vi Abykxjb Ki‡Z wb‡la Kiv n‡qwQ‡jb | Zv‡`i cwiÎv‡Yi Rb¨, GKUv Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡Z n‡e, Dcev‡mi Øviv Zv‡`i gviv nZ| hLb GKRb gi‡e e‡j RvbZ ZLb Zv‡K †mfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z KiZ| g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Lv`¨ I cvwb n‡Z weiZ ivLZ | ¯^ag© åó bv nIqvi D‡Ï‡k¨, wbe©vwPZ e¨w³ Zvi weQvbvi Pvicv‡k Ab¨iv `uvwo‡q _vKZ Ges Zv‡K Dcevm f½ †_‡K `~‡i ivLZ|

hw`I GB åvšÍ gZev` Ges cÖK„wZ Dcvmbv cviwmqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ G‡mwQj PZz_© kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K, Bnv d«v‡Ýi Drm MÖnY Ges DËi BZvjx wb‡`©kbvgv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| G mg‡q B‡bœv‡m›U Lªxóvb‡`i g‡a¨ LyeB RbwcÖqZv‡K jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| †cvc B‡bœv‡m›U GB åvšÍ gZev` †kl Kivi Rb¨ 1215 Lªxóv‡ã gnvmfv Wv‡Kb|

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me©‡gvU 70 wU  gvÊjxK AvBb GLv‡b cvk Kiv‡bv nq|

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Ø  hvRK‡`i wel‡q A‡bK¸‡jv gvÊjxK AvBb i‡q‡Q| hvRKMY hviv †cv‡ci g‡a¨ Rxeb hvcb Ki‡e Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B hvRKvwf‡l‡Ki mvgwqK eiLv¯Í Kiv nq Ges hw` †KD Zv AeÁv K‡i Zvn‡j hvRKvwaKvi niY Kiv n‡e Ges Zv‡`i c` evwZj Kiv n‡e|

Ø  †h mKj cy‡ivwnZMY g`¨cvqx Ges LªxóhvM DrmM© K‡i bv Zv‡`i wei“‡×I GKwU AvBb Kiv nq|

Ø  cï-cvwL wkKvi Kiv hvRK‡`i Rb¨ wbwl×|

Ø  hvRKMY †Kvb µ‡gB mvaviY gvbyl‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †LuvR Kiv gybvdv e¨emv Abykxjb, bvU¨vwfbq, Nb Nb mivB Lvbvq, A_ev Ryqv †Ljv †`L‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Ø  hvRK‡`i Aek¨B mshgx †cvkvK co‡Z n‡e| jvj A_ev meyR Kvco bq Ges †Kvb ai‡Yi my‡Pi Kvi“KvR Kiv †Kvb †cvkvK ci‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Ø  †Kvb hvRK g„Zy¨ m¤úwK©Z †Kvb ai‡Yi wbhv©Z‡bi AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Ø  Zviv †Kvb µ‡gB †mbvevwnbx‡ZB AskMÖnY A_ev Wv³vi wnmv‡e †Kvb ai‡Yi Jl‡ai Abykxjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Ø  †Kvb ag©cÖ‡`kB wZb gv‡mi AwaK mgq Lvwj ivLv hv‡e bv|

Ø  wekcMY Zv‡`i hvRK‡`i Dci wewfbœ ag©xq ïé Av`v‡qi †¶‡Î ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb bv|

Ø  cÖwZwU K¨vw_Wªv‡j, †h me hyeKiv hvRK n‡Z Pvq Zv‡`i wk¶vi Rb¨ GKwU ¯‹zj _vK‡Z n‡e|

Ø  wekcMY Dcvmbv m¤úwK©Z Abyôvb Awf‡lK ev Awaôv‡b †Kvb ai‡Yi DrmMxK…Z wRwbm MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Ø  gwnjv‡`i Kb‡f›U¸‡jvi wbqg wQj †Kvb cyi¯‹vi `vex Ki‡e bv|

Ø   hLb bZzb m`m¨‡`i MÖnY Kiv nq GgbwK weavb hZ †QvUB †nvK GUv wbwl× Kiv nq †h, †cv‡ci cÖKvk¨ m¤§wZ Qvov †Kvb bZzb mbœ¨vm msN cÖwZôv Kiv hv‡e bv|

gvÊjxK GKB AvBb ivLv nq †h, cÖwZwU Kv_wjK Lªxóvb, wbh©vZ‡bi mgq hviv ewÂZ wQj, hLb gÊjx mwRe wQj Ges g„Z Lªxóvb‡`i mgvwa Kiv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡ib, Zviv AšÍZ eQ‡i GKevi cvj-cy‡ivwn‡Zi Kv‡Q cvc¯^xKvi Ki‡e Ges hw` †h †Kvb B÷v‡ii Zviv Kgy¨wbqb MÖnY K‡i _v‡K Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡e|

†cvc g‡nv`‡qi AbygwZ Qvov †Kvb bZzb ag©©xq msN cÖwZôv Ki‡Z wb‡la Kiv nq| †Kvb gVva¨¶ GKvwaK gV cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| hw` †KD åvšÍ gZev` ¯^xKvi K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡`i Awfhy³ Kiv n‡e| hw` cy‡ivwnZMY nq, Zv‡`i wb‡`©k¸‡jv †_‡K ev` w`‡Z n‡e| mK‡jB, †h †Kvb fv‡eB †Kvb åvšÍgZev‡`i mg_©b K‡i, Zv‡`i gÛjxPz¨Z Kiv n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KRb wekc‡K cÖwZeQi Zvi cÖ‡`‡ki hvRK‡`i wb‡q wgwjZ n‡eb Ges GK‡Î Aa¨qb Abykxjb Ki‡eb wKfv‡e GB wbqgmg~n gnvmfv cvjb K‡i‡Qb|

2iv wW‡m¤^i, 1215 Lªxóv‡ã 12Zg mvaviY gnvmfv †kl nq|

K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi

1. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2^nd edition, V.8, Lateran four’ by c. Duggan, 2003.

2. HUGHER, Philip: The fourth General Council of Lateran, New York, Hansver, 1960.

3. THOMAS, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, St. Pauls press, Mumbai, 2000.

wjI‡bi 1g ag© gnvmfv (1245 Lªxóvã)

KvD›U †ivRvwiI, wmGmwm

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†cvc beg †MÖMix wQ‡jb LyeB eqe„× Ges †KD †KD  ejwQj †h Zvi GKkZ eQi eqm| wZwb KvwW©bvj‡`i ej‡jb †h †d«‡WwiK GKRb åvšÍ gZev`x KviY †m †cv‡ci KZ…©Z¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q Ges hxïi wb®‹j¼ Rb¥‡K Dcnvm K‡i‡Q| †d«‡WwiK hLb GB Awf‡hvM ïb‡jb ZLb wZwb †cvc‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ej‡jb Òdwiwm whwb `yóZvi †Z‡j Awfwl³ n‡q gnvgvix AvµvšÍ Avm‡b e‡m Av‡Qb|Ó m¤ú~Y© Rvg©vbx †d«‡Wwi‡Ki c¶ wbj Aciw`‡K Bsj¨vÛ I d«vÝ †cv‡ci c¶ mg_©b Kij| †cvc †MÖMix Rvb‡Zb †h †d«‡WwiK‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi GKgvÎ Dcvq nj gnvmfv AvnŸvb Kiv| myZivs wZwb mKj wek‡ci Kv‡Q wPwV cvVv‡jb †hb Zviv 1241 Lªxóv‡ãi cybiæÌvb Drm‡ei c‡i †iv‡g GKwÎZ nb| ¯’j c‡_ †iv‡g †cuŠQv wekc‡`i Rb¨ KóKi wQj| †MÖMix ZLb †R‡bvfvi kvm‡Ki mv‡_ hyw³ K‡i Rvnv‡R K‡i wekc‡`i †iv‡g Avbvi e‡›`ve¯Í Ki‡jb| GUv ï‡b †d«‡WwiK wekc‡`i enbKvix †R‡bvfvi RvnvR‡K _vgv‡bvi Rb¨ wcmv e›`i‡K weivU As‡Ki A_© cÖ`vb K‡ib| 1241 Lªxóv‡ãi 4 †g †bŠ wgjbvqZ‡b wcmvb RvnvR †R‡bvfvb RvnvR‡K Avµgb K‡i Ges 100 Rb wekc I 2 Rb KvwW©bvj‡K e›`x K‡i| Zviv †d«‡Wwi‡Ki nv‡Z mgwc©Z nj| myZivs gnvmfv Avi nj bv Ges hLb †d«‡WwiK †iv‡gi Awfgy‡L hvevi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nw”Qj ZLb 21 AvM÷ †cvc †MÖMix c‡iv‡jvKMgb K‡ib| cÖvq 2 erm‡ii Rb¨ cweÎ ag©cÖ‡`k k~Y¨ wQj|

beg †MÖMixi g„Zz¨ I bZzb †cvc wbe©vPb

beg †MÖMixi g„Zz¨i mgq gÐjx‡Z gvÎ 12 Rb KvwW©bvj wQ‡jb| Zvi g‡a¨ `yÕRb mgªv‡Ui nv‡Z e›`x wQ‡jb| Z…Zxq KvwW©bvj †d«‡Wwi‡Ki c¶ wbj| myZivs †cvc wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ †mLv‡b gvÎ bq Rb KvwW©bvj wQ‡jb| GB bq Rb wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ m¤§Z n‡jb bv| K‡qK gvm c‡i †iv‡gi kvmK I wm‡bUi gv‡ËI Iiwmwb K‡jvbv 9 Rb KvwW©bvj‡K †eu‡a Zvjve× GK KvivMv‡i AvU‡K ivLj| wZwb Zv‡`i ej‡jb †h ïaygvÎ Zviv hLb bZzb †cvc wbe©vPb Ki‡eb ZLb Zv‡`i gyw³ w`‡eb| AvU gvm KvwW©bvjiv iæwU Ges cvwb †L‡q _vK‡jb| Ae‡k‡l Zviv PZz_© †m‡jmwUb‡K wbe©vwPZ Kij| wKš‘ be wbe©vwPZ †cvc ew›` `kvi Kvi‡Y Awf‡l‡Ki Av‡MB g„Zz¨ eiY Ki‡jb| ZLb KvwW©bvjiv wgwjZ n‡Z PvB‡jb bv hZ¶Y bv †d«‡WwiK Ab¨ `yÕRb KvwW©bvj‡K gy³ K‡i †`b| G mgq d«v‡Ýi beg jyBm G‡Z n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡jb Ges †d«‡WwiK `yÕRb ew›` KvwW©bvj‡K gyw³ w`‡jb| 1243 Lªxóv‡ãi 25 Ryb Zviv KvwW©bvj wd‡qmwm bvgK GKRb †R‡bvwmm‡K wbe©vwPZ Ki‡jb| wZwb bvg wb‡jb PZz_© B‡bœv‡m›U| bZzb †cvc wQ‡jb GKRb AvBbÁ, wW‡cøv‡gU Ges m¶g e¨e¯’vcK| wZwb mgªvU‡K cwi¯‹vifv‡e ej‡jb †h Ck¦‡ii B”Qv nj †cvc mve©Rbxbfv‡e I wbfy©jfv‡e kvmb Ki‡eb| ivRcyÎMY hviv wewfbœ AÂj kvmb Ki‡eb Zviv †cv‡ci cÖwZwbwa wb‡q Zv Ki‡eb| GUv wQj Zvi gZvgZ †h Ava¨vwZ¥K I RvMwZK Dfq wel‡q †cvc n‡eb me©gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix|

1244 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc‡K Acni‡Yi Rb¨ †d«‡WwiK GKUv wm×všÍ Avu‡U| 1244 Lªxóv‡ã 2 wW‡m¤^i GKRb mbœ¨vmxi †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i B‡bœv‡m›U †ivg †_‡K cjvqb K‡i d«v‡Ýi wjq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Ki‡jb| GKgvm ci mvaviY gnvmfvi WvK †`qv nj| gnvmfvi Rb¨ w`b wVK Kiv nj 1245 Lªxóv‡ãi 24 Ryb| †cvc wb‡`©k w`‡jb †h mgªvU e¨w³MZfv‡e †hb mfvq Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb|

ag© gnvmfv

wbw`©ó w`‡b 150 Rb wekc wjI‡b Avm‡jb| mgªvU Rvg©vwbi wekc‡`i wjI‡b †h‡Z wb‡la K‡i w`j| †mLv‡b wZbwU Awa‡ekb wQj Ryb 28, RyjvB 5, Ges RyjvB 17, 1245 Lªxóvã | GKgvÎ Av‡jvP¨ welq wQj †d«‡WwiK|

1245 Lªxóvã 24 Ryb D‡Øvabx w`‡b †cvc GK Av‡eMc~Y© Dc‡`k w`‡jb| wZwb †kvfbxq iƒ‡c gÐjxi cuvPwU ¶Z eY©bv Ki‡jb| †h¸wj wQj-

1.       hvRK‡`i cvcgq Rxeb hvcb |

2.       gymjgvb‡`i Øviv cweÎ f~wg cybt`Lj |

3.      Kb÷vbwU‡bvc‡ji j¨vwUb mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZ MÖxK‡`i ûgwK |

4.       Zvimvm‡`i Øviv nv‡½ixi jyÚb |

5.      Ges gÐjxi Dci †d«‡Wwi‡Ki wbh©vZb|

• 28 Ryb gnvmfv mgªv‡Ui welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbvq e‡m| wZwb wb‡R Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb bv wKš‘ _v‡ÏDm bv‡g GKRb AvBbÁ‡K cÖwZwbwa iƒ‡c †cÖiY Ki‡jb whwb Zvi wel‡q hyw³ cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb| †m ejj †h Zvi cÖfy KLbB Zvi e³e¨ welq ejvi Av‡M wbR Kv‡b bv ï‡b gÐjxPz¨Z n‡eb bv| gnvmfvq Dcw¯’Z nevi Rb¨ †d«‡WwiK‡K 9 w`b mgq †`qv nj| wKš‘ wZwb Dcw¯’Z nbwb|
• 15 RyjvB wØZxq Awa‡ek‡b Kvjwfi wekc Ges GKRb ¯ú¨vwbm AvP©wekc mgªv‡Ui wbôyi AvPi‡Yi Zxeª wb›`v K‡ib| 
• 17 RyjvB cieZ©x Awa‡ek‡b mgªv‡Ui ÿgZvP~¨wZi K_v †NvlYv K‡ib †cvc B‡bœv‡m›U| †mB Pzw³c‡Î 150 Rb wekc mvÿ¨i K‡ib|  WwgwbKvb I dªvwÝmKvb mbœ¨vmeªZx‡`i GB Pzw³cÎ cÖKv‡ki `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| AZci G gnvmfvq 22wU wbqg ( Canon) ms‡hvRb Kiv nj| †ekxi fvM wbqgB †cvc I wekc wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ gvÐjxK AvB‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| hviv KvD‡K nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ A_©`vb Ki‡e Zviv gÐjxPz¨‡Zi `vqx n‡e GgbwK hw`I Lywb Lyb bv K‡i| gymjgvb‡`i weiƒ‡× bZzb ag©hy× WvKvi GKUv mwbe©Ü AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq| GQvovI wjq‡bi gnvmfv wKQz k„s•Ljvg~jK wbqg †NvlYv Kiv nq-
• GB gnvmfv wm÷viwmqvb‡`i ( mbœ¨vmx `j) `kgvsk cÖ`vb eva¨ K‡i|
• GB gnvmfv MÖvÐg›UvBbm mbœ¨vm ms‡Ni (Grandmontines) wbqgvejx Aby‡gv`b `vb K‡i|
• Kzgvix gvixqvi R‡b¥vrme cvj‡bi wmÜvšÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|
• GLv‡b ejv nq KvwW©bvjMY †hb jvj Uzwc cwiavb K‡i|
• cyY¨ f~wgi Rb¨ Ki cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
• GB gnvmfv 38wU msweavb cÖ¯‘Z K‡i hv c‡i †cvc 6ô ewbdvm Zuvi AvÁvc‡Î hy³ K‡i|

D³ msweavb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU D‡jøL Kiv nj- wÎZ¡ev` I Kv_wjK wek¦v‡mi Dci, wbe©vPb I wbe©vwPZ e¨w³i ÿgZv, hvRKxq Awf‡lK Ges Awf‡lK cÖv_©xi ¸bMZ †hvM¨Zv, mvaviY wePvi‡Ki ÿgZv, IKvjwZ, hv wKQz †Rvi K‡i Kiv‡bv nq Ges fq †`wL‡q Kiv‡bv nq, hvR‡Ki e„wË I gh©v`v, gÐjxi m¤úwËi cÖwZ D`vmxbZv, mbœ¨vmeªZx MVb M„‡ni Dci wek‡ci ÿgZv, ïé, gÐjxi AbvµgZv, my`, åvwšÍ I ÿwZi Dci, gÐjxPy¨wZKiY BZ¨vw`|

1245 Lªxóv‡ãi 17 RyjvB gnvmfv mgvß nq| cuvP ermi †d«‡WwiK gÐjxi Dci wbh©vZb Pvwj‡q hvb| 1250 Lªxóv‡ã 13 wW‡m¤^i †m AbyZvcnxb g„Zz¨eiY Kij| Pvi eQi ci †cvc B‡bœv‡m›UI ci‡jvKMgY Ki‡jb|  

mnvqK MÖš’vejx

1|  The Catholic Encyclopedia, V.4, S.V. “Councils, General”, by MICHAEL OTT, 2003

2| THOMAS P. “General Councils of the Church”, Mumbai, St. Paul Press, 2001

3| BELLITTO M. Christopher, “The General Councils”, Mahwah, New York, 2002

4| KUNG Hans, “The Councils Reform and Reunion, Sheed and Ward, New York, 1961

5| The Catholic Encyclopedia for School and Home, V.6, S.V. “Lyons, Councils of, First”, By JOHN L.MURPHY, 1965

2q wjq‡Ýi ag©mfv (1274 Lªxóvã)

wniY c¨vwUªK M‡gR

¯’vb: wjqÝ, d«vÝ

mgq: 1274 Lªxóvã

†cvc: ab¨ `kg †MÖMix, 1271 - 1276 Lªxóvã

mgªvU: 1g †iv`jd& 1273 - 1291 Lªxóvã

g~jwelq: gÐjxi mv‡_ MÖxK‡`i cybwg©wjZ K‡i‡Q Ges k„•Ljv welqK ms¯‹vi mvab K‡i‡Q|

1254 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc PZz_© Bb‡m›U g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| cieZ©x 18 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †mLv‡b wZbRb †cvc wQ‡jb| Zviv mÿg e¨w³ wQ‡jb| wKš‘ BZvwji ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ Zviv Rwo‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb, m‡e©vcwi wmwmwj iv‡R¨i Øviv cÖfvevwš^Z n‡qwQ‡jb| beg jyBm d«v‡Ýi GKRb avwg©K ivRv wQ‡jb| wZwb †cv‡ci cÖwZ m¤§vb Rvwb‡q cyb¨`ß I ivR‰bwZK we‡ivwaZv †_‡K wb‡R‡K `~‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| ivRvi fvB Pvj©‡mi AvÄy wmwmwji ivRv n‡qwQ‡jb| GB msKUgq g~û©‡Z 1262 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc PZz©_ †K¬‡g›U g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Gi `yB eQi ci 4Vv RyjvB, 1270 Lªxóv‡ã ivRv jyBm wb‡RB gviv hvb|

PZz_© †K¬‡g‡›Ui g„Zz¨i ci wZb eQi hver †cv‡ci c` k~b¨ wQj| KvwW©bvjiv †K¬‡g‡›Ui DËivwaKvix wbe©vP‡b ivRx wQ‡jb bv| 1jv †m‡Þ¤^i, 1271 Lªxóv‡ã KvwW©bvjiv GK‡Î †UevjW© wfm&KwU‡K †cvc c‡` wbe©vwPZ K‡ib| wZwb 10g †MÖMix bvg aviY Ki‡jb| be wbe©vwPZ †cvc wQ‡jb GKRb mvay e¨w³| 1740 Lªxóv‡ã 4_© †e‡bwW± Zv‡K ab¨ †kªYxfz³ K‡ib| 1274 Lªxóv‡ã 10g †MÖMix d«v‡Ýi wjq‡b PZz`©k mvavib ag©mfv ev 2q wjqb mvaviY ag©mfvi Avnevb K‡ib|

bZzb †cvc Zvi wbe©vP‡bi mgq KvwW©bvj wQ‡jb bv| ZLb wZwb wmwiqv‡Z cyY¨f~wg D×v‡ii Rb¨ µz‡m‡Wi †bZ…Z¡ w`w”Q‡jb| hLb wZwb †cv‡ci gyKzU MÖnY Ki‡jb, ZLb wZwb GKUv cwi®‹vifv‡e aviYv w`‡jb †h, BZvwj I wmwmwji ivR‰bwZK e¨vcv‡i Zvi †Kvb wPšÍv †bB| Zvi GKgvÎ wPšÍv cÖvP¨, MÖxK Ges cyY¨f~wgi ¯^vaxbZv|

wbe©vP‡bi mvZ gvm c‡i †MÖMix †iv‡g wd‡i Av‡mb Ges 27†k gvP© 1272 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc c‡` Awfwl³ nb|

10g †MÖMix wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡iB MÖxK gÐjxi mgm¨v m¤§yLxb nb| 1054 Lªxóv‡ã mvay †cvc beg wjI wPiKv‡ji gZ Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj †_‡K MÖx‡Ki c¨vwUªqvK© gv‡m©j KviwjDm‡K gÐjxPzZ¨ K‡ib Ges MÖxKiv wb‡R †_‡KB †ivgvb gÐjx †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| K‡qK kZvãx ci Zviv Avevi GKwÎZ nIqvi †Póv K‡ib|

867 kZvãxi ïiæi w`‡K AvP©wekc dwUm& ÒcyÎ n‡ZIÓ A_©vr (wcZv I cyÎ †_‡K cweÎ AvZ¥v RvZ n‡q‡Qb) åšÍgZev` †hvM K‡i ‡iv‡gi gÐjx‡K Awfhy³ K‡ib Ges hvRK‡`i †KŠgv‡h©¨i Rb¨ `vex K‡ib| 3q Bb‡m‡›Ui mgq MÖxK‡`i †iv‡gi mv‡_ GKwÎZ Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i wQ‡jb| 1204 Lªxóv‡ã †Riæmv‡j‡g ak©cÖ‡`k ¯’vcb Kiv nq|

1261 Lªxóv‡ã gvB‡Kj cÖv‡P¨i mgªvU nb| Zvi AvšÍwiK B”Qv †h, wZwb MÖxK I ‡ivgvb‡`i GKwÎZ Ki‡eb| wKš‘ †cvc `kg †MÖMixi wbe©vP‡bi mgq GUv mshy³ Kiv nq| ‡cvc gnv`q GB `yB gÐjxi Kzdj †R‡bI MÖxK I †ivgvb gÐjxi mv‡_ HK¨ mva‡bi j‡ÿ 8g gv‡m©‡ji ivRcÖvmv‡` cÖwZwbwa †cÖiY K‡ib|

hLb †MÖMix cÖwZwbwa‡`i Avmvi A‡cÿvq wQ‡jb, ZLb wZwb KvwW©bvj‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ mvaviY ag©mfvi Avnevb cÖ¯Íve w`‡jb| d«v‡Ýi KvwW©bvjiv Gi cÖwZev` K‡ib, KviY Pvj©‡mi mgªvU AvÄy Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡j Zvi kvmb cÖwZôv Kivi cwiKíbv KiwQ‡jb| 1270 Lªxóv‡ã †cv‡ci cÖwZwbwaiv Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj †_‡K wd‡i Av‡mb| Zviv †cvc‡K GKwU mymsev` w`‡jb| mgªvU m¤ú~Y© ü`q w`‡q †cv‡ci cybwg©j‡bi D‡Ïk¨‡K mg_©b K‡i‡Qb|

mgªvU wPwVi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K †cv‡ci AbyMZ I eva¨ mšÍvb e‡j‡Qb Ges †cvc‡K wcZ‡ii DËivwaKvix I mgMÖ gÐjxi me©gq cÖfz e‡j‡Qb| ZvrÿwbK fv‡e †MÖMix mvaviY ag©mfvi Rb¨ wb‡Ri cwiKíbv †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb wPwV‡Z mgªvU‡K ag©mfvq Dcw¯’Z _vKvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡ib| GB ag©mfv 1274 Lªxóv‡ã GwcÖj gv‡m d«v‡Ýi wjq‡Ý AbywôZ n‡e|

mgZzj¨ †cv‡ci `„wó‡Z ïaygvÎ MÖxK‡`i cybwgj‡bi Rb¨B wjq‡Ý ag©mfvi Avnevb K‡ibwb| wZwb `yt‡Li mv‡_ Lªxóvb‡`i Rxeb Ae¯’v †`‡L‡Qb, we‡kl K‡i hvRK‡`i g‡a¨| wZwb mgMÖ gÐjxi wekc‡`i wek¦vm I ˆbwZKZv RvMi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZKv‡ii gvb`Ð wRÁvmv K‡i‡Qb| GB ag©mfvi wbw`©ó mgm¨v ej‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K wekc‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib hv cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwZKvi Kiv n‡e|

wekc Ges gVvaÿv wbe©vP‡bi e¨vcvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| GB D‡Ï¨‡k¨ gÐjx‡Z †hvM¨ cÖv_x©ivB ÿgZvq Avm‡Z cvi‡eb| UvKv-cqmv w`‡q hviv ÿgZvq Avm‡Z PvB‡e, Zv‡`i‡K gÐjxPyZ¨ Kiv n‡e| hw` †KD GB wbe©vP‡b euvav cÖ`vb K‡ib, Zv‡`i‡KI gÐjxPzZ¨ Kiv n‡e| hviv eo ai‡Yi Aciva, ¸iæZi cvc K‡i‡Qb Zviv wbe©vP‡b AvBbZt AKvh©Ki ev evwZj e‡jB MY¨ n‡eb| cvjKxq cwi`©k‡bi †ÿ‡Î wekcMY ag©cjøx †_‡K †Kvb A_© MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| hw` †KD Zv K‡ib Z‡e Zv‡K wظY †diZ w`‡Z n‡e|

wØZxq AvBb wQj †cvc wbe©vPb m¤^wÜq| 4_© Bb‡m›U-Gi g„Zz¨i wZb eQi c‡iI †cvc †MÖMixi g‡b me wKQz cwi®‹vi wQj| †h mKj KvwW©bvjiv `~ibv‡gi KviY wQj Zviv gnvmfvq †cv‡ci m¤§y‡L e‡m wQj| bZzb †cvc wbe©vPb Ki‡Z †`ix nIhvq †cvc Zvi `ytL cÖKvk Ki‡jb| †cvc 3q Av‡jKRvÛvi †h wel‡q wWwµ K‡i‡Qb Zvi Abyiƒ‡c †cvc ej‡jb, ÒAvgiv GLb cweÎ gnvmfvi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i mvg‡b GwM‡q hvB|Ó kn‡ii g‡a¨ †h mKj KvwW©bvj Av‡Qb Zviv †cv‡ci g„Zz¨i ci 10 w`b †mLv‡b A‡cÿv Ki‡eb Ges Ab¨ hviv Abycw¯’Z Gmg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡K GKRb `vm, hvRK ev mvaviY Lªxóf³ wb‡q Avm‡e| Abycw¯’Ziv AvmyK ev bv AvmyK, Zvi mK‡j c‡iv‡jvKMZ †cv‡ci M„‡n GK‡Î Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| GB ¯’vbwU Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb †KD ‡fZ‡i †h‡Z ev evB‡i Avm‡Z bv cv‡ib| KvwW©bvj‡`i mv‡_ AwZwi³ †KD _vK‡e bv, †Kvb wel‡q †Mvcb Avjvc Pj‡e bv, †Kvb wjwLZ msev` cvVv‡bv hv‡e bv| †h †KD GB me wbqg j•Nb Ki‡e Zv‡K gÐjxPzZ¨ Kiv n‡e| hw` Ck¦i hv eviY K‡i‡Qb, KvwW©bvjiv wZbw`‡bi g‡a¨ GKRb †cvc g‡bvbqb bv K‡ib, ZLb cie©Zx cuvP w`‡b Zviv `ycy‡i I iv‡Î GK †cøU K‡i †L‡Z cvi‡eb| GB cuvP w`b c‡i Zviv ïaygvÎ iæwU, `ªvÿvim Ges cvwb †L‡Z cvi‡eb| cweÎ ag©cÖ‡`k ïb¨ _vKvKvjxb mg‡q KvwW©bvjiv †cv‡ci `ßi †_‡K †eZb cv‡eb bv, GgbwK †Kvb gvÐjxK Drm †_‡K `vb msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Gici gnvmfvi cieZx© Av‡jvPbvi welq wQj hviv gÐjxi m¤ú` AvZ¥mvr K‡i‡Q, Zv‡`i gÐjxPzZ¨ Kiv nq| e¨enviKvix‡`i weiæ‡× BwZg‡a¨ †h AvBb envj wQj Zv Av‡iv †Rvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G ai‡bi e¨w³‡`i Lªxwóq ms¯‹vi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq|

†mLv‡b AvBbÁ‡`i wel‡q GKUv wbqg Kiv nj| Zviv †Km¸wj‡K `xN©vwqZ Ki‡eb bv Ges hw` Zviv Rv‡bb †h Zv‡`i cÿ †`vlx Z‡e ZLbB †m cÿ mg_©b Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| D³ gnvmfvq †cvc WwgwbKvb I d«vwÝmKvb‡`i Kv‡Ri A‡bK cÖksmv K‡ib| ZLb †_‡K GB msN¸‡jv ZLb wek‡ci KZ…Z¡ †_‡K wb®‹…wZ †cj|

me©‡kl 17B RyjvB, 1274 Lªxóv‡ã Awa‡ekb †kl nq| kxNÖB wekcMY ¯^ag©cÖ‡`‡k wd‡i hvb| GKeQi ci †cvc †MÖMixI †iv‡gi D‡Ï‡kª hvÎv Ki‡jb| hv †nvK wZwb †mB kvk¦Z kn‡i †cuŠQvi Av‡MB 10B Rvbyqvix, 1276 Lªxóv‡ã Av‡b‡¾v‡Z †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| ZLb Zvi eqm wQj 71 eQi|

mnvqK MÖš’vejx

1. TOMAS, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, Bangalore, St. Paul Press, 2000.

2. HUGHES, Philip: The Church in Crisis, A History of the General Councils, New York, Image Books, 1964.

3. Kung, Hans: The Council, Reform and Reunion, New York, Sheed and Ward, 1961.

4. K¯Ív, Gb. Kgj (Abyev`K): gÐjxi BwZnvm cwiwPwZ, RvZxq agx©q I mvgvwRK cÖwkÿY †K›`ª, 2001|

                      

wf‡qbvi gnvag©mfv (1311-1312 Lªxóvã)

                                                                                                           Rb †Rgm& cvDwiqv

gÐjxi BwZnv‡m cÂ`k mvaviY gnvag©mfv Ab¨Zg| wf‡qbv gnvmfv 1311 Lªxóvã †_‡K 1312 Lªxóvã ch©šÍ d«v‡Ýi wf‡qbv kn‡i AbywôZ nq| †cvc wn‡m‡e `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †cvc cÂg †K¬‡g›U Ges ivRv wQ‡jb PZz_© wdwjc| G gnvmfv AbywôZ nIqvi Ab¨Zg KviY wQj åvggvY ms‡Ni mf¨‡`i Øviv åvšÍ ag©gZev` Ges Zuvi mgvavb Kiv nq| 

wf‡qbv gnvmfvi cUf~wg

1303 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m ei‡W· Gi AvP©wekc‡K †cvc wbev©wPZ Kiv nq| whwb c‡i cÂg †K¬‡g›U bvg MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb AvwfMb‡bi cÖ_g †cvc, Bs‡iR ivRvi Awab¯’ GKRb divmx| wZwbB gÐjx‡Z cÂ`k mvaviY gnvmfv AvnŸvb K‡ib| wjq‡b Zuvi (‡cvc) cyY¨wf‡l‡Ki mg‡q †cvc Ges PZz_© wdwjc ivRvi g‡a¨ GK Av‡jvPbv mfv AbywóZ nq| ivRv wdwjc †cvc‡K e‡jb, GwU gÐjxi Rb¨ fvj n‡e hw` wZwb d«v‡Ý wKQz mgq ‡_‡K hvb Zvn‡j m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i ‰mb¨ evwnbxi Dc‡i †h Acev` i‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU ¯’vqx mgvavb n‡e|

m‡•Ni mf¨iv wQ‡jb mbœ¨vm ms‡Ni m`m¨ hviv `vwi`ªZv, †KŠgvh© Ges eva¨Zvi eªZ MÖnY K‡i wQ‡jb| Zviv ms‡Ni wbqgvbylv‡i msNe× fv‡e emevm Ki‡Zb| cÖv_©bv Ges cÖvqwð‡Ëi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i evowZ `vwqZ¡ wQj Zx_©hvÎv Ges cweÎ ¯’vb iÿv Kiv| Zv‡`i Avkªg¸‡jv wQj myiwÿZ hv cÖvqB hy‡×i mg‡q kiYv_x© wkwe‡i cwiYZ n‡Zv| Av‡Pi `~‡M©i nZ¨v h‡Ái mg‡q †h me m‡•Ni mf¨iv cvwj‡q †h‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb Zviv mviv BD‡ivc Ry‡o Qwo‡q c‡ob Ges Zv‡`i msN ¯’vcb K‡ib| †h‡nZz Zviv ‰mwbK †ckv cwiZ¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb ZvB UvKv msMÖn Zv‡`i GKgvÎ RxweKv n‡q D‡V| Zv‡`i myiwÿZ Avkªg n‡q D‡V †mvbv Ges iæ‡cv ivLvi wbivc` ¯’vb| ivRv, ivRcyÎ I ewYKMY Zv‡`i m¤ú` †`Lvïbv Ges Zv iÿv Kivi Rb¨ m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i cyi¯‹vi ¯^iƒc A_© w`‡Zb| Zviv ev· fwZ© †mvbv-iæ‡cv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gZ SzuwK c~Y© `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Awf‡hvM D‡V †h mb¨vmxMY GB Kv‡Ri ga¨w`‡q cÖPzi gybvdv AR©b K‡ib| Zvuiv cÖPvi Ki‡Zb †h Ôc„w_exi AwšÍg mgq mwbœK‡UÕ| 

d«v‡Ýi ivRvi mbœ¨vmx‡`i wbhv©Z‡bi KviY

d«v‡Ýi ivRv wdwjc KZ…K© m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i wbh©vZb Kivi GK gvÎ KviY wQj Zuv‡`i UvKv Ges wekvj m¤ú‡`i cÖwZ Zuvi †jvf| ivRv †cvc‡K e‡jb †h, m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i kqZvb‡K c~Rv K‡i Ges µzkgywZ©i Dci Zviv _yZz †d‡j Ges Zv‡`i cy‡ivwnZMY Lªxóhv‡M Drm‡M©i mgq cÖwZôv evK¨ D”PviY K‡ib bv| G me †Kvb fv‡eB †cvc‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wdwjc wKQz m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i †MÖdZvi K‡i Ges wbhv©Zb K‡ib| 1307 Lªxóv‡ãi 13 A‡±vei d«v‡Ýi mg¯Í mb¨vmxMY‡`i AvUK Kivi Rb¨ wdwjc GK Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| Zv‡`i 2,000 R‡bi AwaK‡K AvUK Kiv nq| A‡bK‡K wbhv©Zb K‡i †Rvi K‡i hv Zuviv K‡ib wb Zvi ¯^xKv‡ivw³ †bIqv nq| cÖvq 700 eQi cvi n‡q †M‡Q ZLb †_‡K ms‡Ni mf¨‡`i Pv‡ci gy‡L ivLv n‡qwQj| Ggb wK †m w`b ¸‡jv‡Z bvBU mbœ¨vmx‡`i Dci AgvbweKZv Ges wbôziZv cÖKvwkZ nq|

wf‡qbvi cÂ`k mvaviY mfv

Ò‡cvc Ges d«v‡Ýi ivRv GKUx mvaviY mgvR emvB‡Z w¯’i Kwiqv, †cvc 1308 Lªxóv‡ã hveZxq Lªxóxq iv‡R¨ eyj bvgK Av‡`k cÎ †cÖiY K‡ib| GB eyj c‡Î wjwLZ _v‡K †h, GB mgv‡R wek¦vm mgÜxq KwZcq welq, gvw›`i ‡mbvw`‡Mi P~ovšÍ wb®úwË, mvaviY RbM‡Yi PwiÎ ms‡kvab I cyY¨ f~wg D×viv‡_© cybt D‡`¨vM w¯’ixK…Z nB‡e| Ó[2]

1311 Lªxóv‡ãi 1jv A‡±ve‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡`k cÎvbymv‡i d«vÝ, Rv¤§©wb, †¯úb, †Wš§vK© I Bsj¨vÐ I BZvjx nB‡Z b~¨Zg wZb kZ wekc WvB‡d‡bi AšÍtcvZx wf‡qbvi mgv‡R Dcw¯’Z nb| D³ gv‡mi 16B mgv‡Ri cÖ_g ‰eVK nq Ges †cvc ¯^qs mgv‡R Dcw¯’Z nb| mgv‡R †h wel‡qi wb®úwË nB‡e, Zvnv cwVZ nB‡j ci, cÖ_g mgv‡ekb †kl nBj| D³ ermi Avi mgvR e‡m bvB, Acivci wel‡qi K‡_vcK_b nq| wekcMY gvw›`iw`‡Mi e¨vcvi jBqv eo Av‡›`vjb Kwi‡Z Pvwn‡j, ci ermi 1312 Lªxóv‡ã 22†k gvP© gv‡m †K¬‡g›U †cvc Avcbvi KvwW©bvj I KwZcq wekc‡K AvnŸvb Kwiqv, wdwjc ivRvi mvÿv‡Z ewj‡jb †h, wZwb GLb Aewa gw›`i m¤cÖ`vq DVvBqv w`‡jb| D³ ermi 3iv GwcÖ‡j D³ m¤cÖ`vq iwnZ nIb Rb¨ AvÁv cÖKvk Kwi‡jb; Ges ivRv PZz_© wdwjc ¯^qs †mB mgv‡R Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| 16B †g GB Kvh©¨ m¤úbœ Rb¨ eyj cÎ evwni nBj I Z…Zxqevi mgv‡Ri mgv‡ekb nBqv, mgvR fvw½qv †Mj|Ó[3]

wf‡qbv gnvmfvi g~j welq

Ø  m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i g‡Z, hyw³hy³ gvby‡li kix‡ii MV‡bi Rb¨ wePvi eyw×m¤úbœ AvZ¥v ¸iæZ¡cY©| mfvi gv‡a¨ m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i gZev` wb›`v Rvbv‡bv nq|

Ø  wf‡qbv gnvmfvq m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i gZev`, åvšÍ ag©gZev` e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq|

Ø  wf‡qbv gnvmfvq `vwi`ª msL¨vMwiô d«vwÝKvb‡`i c‡ÿ¨ Aej¤^b K‡i|

Ø  wf‡qbv gnvmfvq wMÖK, Avwe© I wneª fvlvq wkÿvi Rb¨ gymwjg‡`i g‡a¨ wM‡q evYx cÖPv‡ii K_v ejv nq|

Dcmsnvi

mbœ¨vmxM‡Yi cÖavb GKwU myô Z`šÍ Kivi Rb¨ †cvc g‡nv`q‡K Aby‡iva Rvbvb hv‡Z Zuviv †h wb‡`©vl Zv cÖgvYxZ nq, Awf‡hvM ¸‡jv wQj AeY©bxq| †cvc cÂg †K¬‡g›U m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i wePvi wbR nv‡Z Zz‡j †bb| m‡•Ni mf¨MY ‡h me g„Zz¨i nvZ †_‡K †eu‡P wM‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i Aciva ¯^xKvi K‡i, Zviv UªvBeybv‡ji wekcM‡Yi Kv‡Q nvwRi n‡q wbhv©Z‡bi Kvi‡Y Zviv †h wg_¨v ¯^xKv‡ivw³ w`‡q‡Q‡jb Zv Zviv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb| wKš‘ ivRvi Av‡`‡k wekcMY m‡•Ni mf¨‡`i mvg‡b wg_¨v ¯^vÿ¨ w`‡q‡Qb e‡j Awf‡hvM K‡ib| wf‡qbv gnvmfvq wewfbœ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ci G wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq †h, hviv †`vlx mve¯Í n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i h_v †hvM¨ wePvi Kiv n‡e| hviv wb‡`v©l Zvuiv AvRxeb e„wË †fvM Ki‡e| 

mnvqK MÖš’mg~n

1| Kg‡e, †Rb, Kgj Gb K¯Ív (Abyev`K),: gÊjxi BwZnvm cwiwPwZ, RvZxq ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwkÿY †K›`ª, h‡kvi 2001|

2| gv‡iwË, G. †gvbwmMv‡bvwi : Lªxóq mfvi mvaviY BwZnvm, 2q LÛ, Kv_wjK Aidvb, KjKvZv 1892|

3| The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2^ndedition, v. 3, s.v. ‘Council of Vienna’, by M. Francois, 2003.

4| Thomas, P. : General Councils of the Church, St. Paul Press, Mumbai 2000.

5| The Catholic Encyclopedia for School and Home, v .3 s.v. ‘Council of Vienna’, by George E. Tiffany, 1965.

     

Kb÷vÝ gnvmfv (1415 Lªxóvã)

wgVz †jbvW© cvjgv

†cvc cÂg †K¬‡g›U evwej‡bi e›`x`kvq (Avignon) G †_‡K gÐjxi 15Zg gnvmfvi AvnŸvb K‡ib| cieZ©x 73 eQi a‡i ‡cvcMY †ivg mv¤ªvR¨ †`‡Lbwb| Ae‡k‡l 1378 mv‡j wf‡qbœvi mvaŸx K¨v_wib †cvc GKv`k ‡MÖMix‡K †iv‡g wd‡i Avm‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡ib| wKš‘ †iv‡g †divi `yB gv‡mi g‡a¨ Zvi g„Zz¨ nq Ges †ivgvbiv KvwW©bvj‡`i Kv‡Q GKRb BZvjxq‡K †cv‡ci Avm‡b emv‡bvi `vwe K‡ib Ges †mB mv‡_ Ôd«v‡Ýi mgvwßÕ GB e‡j iv¯Ívq wPrKvi K‡ib| †mB mgq KvwW©bvj‡`i g‡a¨ 11 Rb wQ‡jb d«vÝ †_‡K, 3 Rb BZvjxq Ges Ab¨ 1 Rb wQ‡jb †¯úBb †_‡K| GiKg cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zviv fxZ n‡q c‡ob Ges BZvjxq wekc‡K †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb K‡ib whwb 3q De©vb (Urban) bvgwU MÖnb K‡ib|

wKš‘ G‡Z cwiw¯’wZi AviI AebwZ N‡U| †h KvwW©bvj 3q De©vb‡K †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb K‡iwQ‡jb, wZwb (Urban) G wd‡i wM‡q gvÎ cuvP gv‡mi g‡a¨ GKRb cÖwZØ›`x †cvc‡K wbe©vPb K‡ib whwb 7g †K¬‡g›U bvgwU MÖnb K‡ib| Gi d‡j Lªxóvbymvix‡`i g‡a¨ wefw³i m„wó nq, GKw`‡K wKQz †jvK d«v‡Ýi †cv‡ci mg_©bKvix Aciw`‡K wKQz †jvK wQ‡jb †cvc De©v‡bi mg_©bKvix| Avi GUvB gÐjxi gnvwe‡”Q` bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|

Gi 11 eQi ci 1389 mv‡j †cvc lô De©vb †iv‡g g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| G mgq †h KvwW©bvjMY †iv‡g wQ‡jb Zviv cªwZÁv K‡ib †h Ggb GKRb †cvc‡K Zviv wbe©vPb Ki‡eb whwb GKwU gnvmfvi AvnŸv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q gÐjx‡Z GKB mg‡q `yB †cv‡ci mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡eb| †iv‡gi KvwW©bvjMY wg‡j 1889,b‡f¤^i 2 Zvwi‡L †bcv‡ji KvwW©bvj wcUvi (Tomaccelle) †K †cvc wnmv‡e wbe©vPb K‡ib whwb 9g ewbdvm bvgwU MÖnb K‡ib Ges 15 eQi a‡i gÐjx‡K cwiPvjbv †`b| wZwb †Zgb †hvM¨ e¨w³ wQ‡jb bv hvi d‡j gÐjx‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ mgm¨vi †Kvb mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| A‡b‡KB Zvi c`Z¨v‡Mi `vex Rvbvb hv‡Z KvwW©bvjMY bZzb GKRb †cvc‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib whwb gÐjx‡Z mgm¨vi GKwU myôz mgvavb NUv‡eb| Zvi wbe©vP‡bi cuvP eQi ci Zvi cÖwZØ›`x (Avignon) Gi †cvc 7g †K¬‡g›U gviv hvb| wKš‘ Zvi g„Zy¨‡Z gÐjxi Ae¯’vi †Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb| (Avignon) Gi KvwW©bvjMY wg‡j †¯ú‡bi KvwW©bvj wcUvi †jvbv (Lona) †K †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ K‡ib whwb ·qv`k †e‡bwW± bvgwU MÖnb K‡ib| †h‡nZz wZwb †KejgvÎ d«v‡Ýi wel‡q AvMÖnx wQ‡jb ZvB wbe©vP‡bi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ wZwb Zvi KvwW©bvj‡`i mg_©b nvivb|

BwZg‡a¨ c¨vwim wek¦we`¨vj‡qi HkZË¡we`MY ÔgÐjx‡Z GKB mg‡q `yB †cv‡ci Ae¯’vbÕ mgm¨vwU mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKwU `j MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib hviv welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a `yB †cvc‡KB Zv‡`i c` †_‡K eiLv¯Í Kiv n‡e| wKš‘ Zv‡`i G wm×všÍwU wQj weåvšÍ, †Kbbv †cv‡ci wbe©vPb/g‡bvbqY wb‡q cÖkœ Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi Zv‡`i wQjbv| Avi Gfv‡eB eQi †c‡iv‡Z _v‡K| †cvc 9g ewbdvm 1404 mv‡j gviv hvb Ges Zv‡K †iv‡g mvay wcZ‡ii gnvgw›`‡i mgvwa †`Iqv nq| cieZ©x‡Z †cvc 7g B‡bœv‡m›U (Innocent) †K †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv nq| Zvi eqm wQj 70 eQi| †cvc nIqvi `yB eQ‡ii g‡a¨ wZwb gviv hvb| cieZZ©x‡Z KvwW©bvjMY †cvc †MªMix‡K wbe©vPb K‡ib hvi eqm wQj 80 eQi|

†cvc c‡` wbe©vP‡bi mgq wZwb cÖwZ K‡ib †h gÐjx‡Z †h we‡f` i‡q‡Q wZwb Zvi mgvavb Ki‡eb Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wZwb c`Z¨vM Ki‡ZI cÖ¯‘Z| wKš‘ Zvi mg¯Í cÖ‡Póv‡K †iv‡gi GK`j KvwW©bvj wedj Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib hvi d‡j wZwb bZzb 4 Rb wekc‡K KvwW©bvj c‡` g‡bvbqb †`b| Gi cÖwZwµqvq KvwW©bvj‡`i GKwU eo msL¨v wcmv (Pisa) kn‡i P‡j hvb| GKB mgq (Avignon) †_‡KI GK`j KvwW©bvj †mB kn‡i Av‡mb| Zviv Df‡q w¯’i K‡ib †h hZÿY ch©šÍ cwiw¯’wZi †Kvb mgvavb bv nq ZZÿY ch©šÍ wKQz‡ZB Zviv c~‡e©i RvqMvq wd‡i hv‡eb bv|

1908 mv‡j 24 Rb KvwW©bvj wg‡j (Pisa) kn‡i mg‡eZ nb Ges GKwU wbw`©ó w`b ZvwiL avh© Kiv nq †hLv‡b Zviv ÔDfq †cv‡ci c`Z¨vMÕ welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb | wKš‘ †KD †KD welqwUi c‡ÿ I wec‡ÿ _v‡Kb| Ae‡k‡l 1909 mv‡ji c‡njv b‡f¤^i 24 Rb KvwW©bvj Ges 182 Rb wekc  (Pisa) kn‡i mg‡eZ nb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AviI wQ‡jb 100 Rb gVva¨ÿ Ges wewfbœ m¤úª`v‡qi cÖavbMY I 300 Rb HkZË¡we`| †mLv‡b weZwK©Z †Kvb Av‡jvPbv wQjbv wKš‘ GKwU wm×všÍ Kiv nq GB welqwU wb‡q †h ÔgÐjx‡Z GKB mg‡q `yB †cv‡ci Ae¯’’vbÕ GB Kj¼ wKfv‡e `~i Kiv hvq Ges wm×v‡šÍ `yB †cvc‡K c`Py¨Z Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnb Kiv nq| Gi 10 w`b ci Zviv wgjvb (Milan) kn‡ii AvP©wekc‡K †cvc wnmv‡e wbe©vPb K‡ib  whwb 5g Av‡jKRvÛvi bvgwU MÖnb K‡ib| GLb gÐjx‡Z 3 Rb †cvc, †iv‡gi †cvc †MÖMix, (Gregory) Gi †cvc †e‡bwW± Ges (Pisa) kn‡ii †cvc Av‡jKRvÛvi|

GLv‡b GKwU welq e‡j ivLv `iKvi †h (Pisa) KvDwÝj Gi †Kvb AwaKvi †bB †cvc‡K wmsnvmbPy¨Z Kivi GgbwK wbe©vwPZ 2 ‡cvc‡K wb‡q mgv‡ek Kivi †Kvb AwaKviI Zv‡`i †bB| ZvB hviv ‡Mvc‡b †mB mfvq AskMÖnb K‡iwQj †cvc †MÖMix Zv‡`i gÐjxPz¨Z K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K †cvc Av‡jKRvÛvi GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B gviv hvb ZvB KvwW©bvjMY (Baldassar) bv‡g GKRb‡K wbe©vPb K‡ib whwb ·qvwesk Rb bvgwU MÖnb K‡ib| (Avignon) Ges (pisa) Gi me †cvcMYB wQ‡jb cÖwZØ›`x †cvc|

†cvc ·qvwesk Rb c‡njv wW‡m¤^i 1813 Zvwi‡L Kb÷vÝ gnvmfvi AvnŸvb K‡ib Ges mfvi wbw`©ó mgq avh© Kiv nq c‡njv b‡f¤^i 1414, m¤ªvU (Sigmond) Zv‡K mnvqZv K‡ib| †mB wba©vwiZ w`‡b 500 Rb MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³eM© mfvq Dcw¯’Z nb hvi g‡a¨ 185 Rb wQ‡jb wekc| wZb gvm AwZevwnZ n‡jI mfvi Av‡jvPbvi wbw`©ó †Kvb KvVv‡gv Zviv cvw”Q‡jb bv| B‡Zvg‡a¨ bZzb GK msK‡Ui D`q nq| (Pisa) kn‡i †cvc ·qvwesk Rb Gi A‰bwZK Rxeb mg‡Ü gšÍe¨ Qwo‡q c‡o GgbwK A‡b‡K `„pZvi mwnZ Zv‡K A‰ea †cvc e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib| ZvB Rxe‡bi f‡q †cvc 20 †k gvP© iv‡Z Kb÷vÝ †_‡K cvwj‡q hvb| †cvc R‡bi cvjv‡bvi K_v ï‡b GK`j `v½vKvix Zvi cÖvmv‡` Avµgb Pvjvq d‡j wekc‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¼ Qwo‡q c‡o| wKš‘ m¤ªv‡Ui ‰mb¨MY kn‡ii g‡a¨ k„•Ljv wdwi‡q  Av‡bb GKs wekcMY Zv‡`i Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q hvb| H gv‡mi 5B GwcÖj wKQz bZzb wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq, ÒKb÷vÝ-Gi cyb¨ gnvmfv me©cÖ_g ‰eafv‡e AbywôZ Ges cweÎ AvZ¥vi †cÖiYvq mg‡eZ GKwU gnvmfv hv mg¯Í K¨v_wjK gÐjxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Avi G ÿgZv mivmwi Lªx‡ói KvQ †_‡K cvIqv hv cÖ‡Z¨‡K GgbwK †cvcI gvb‡Z eva¨| cÖavbZ †h welq¸‡jv Zv n‡”Q, wek¦vm msµvšÍ welq, we‡”Q‡`i gy‡jvrcvUb Ges gÐjxi cyY©iMVb msµvšÍ welq| GLv‡b AviI ejv nq †h GB mfvi wbqg-Kvbyb ev wb‡`©k¸‡jv ev Ab¨ †Kvb ˆea mfvi wm×všÍ †h AeÁv Ki‡e †m Dchy³ kvw¯Í cv‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î Zvi ¯’’vb ev gh©v`v hvqB †nvK bv †Kb GgbwK ¯^qs †cvcI|  hLb †cvc Rb mfvi GB wm×v‡šÍi K_v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib wZwb GKwU kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ ivRx nb Avi Zv nj hw` Zv‡K 30 nvRvi ¯^Y©gy`ªv †`Iqv nq †mB m‡½ (Avignon) I BZvjxq KvwW©bvj wbhy³ Kiv nq| wKšÍy Zv‡K 29 †k †g e›`x I wmsnvmbPz¨Z K‡i Rvg©vbx‡Z Kvive›`x Kiv nq| hLb Kb÷vÝ kn‡i GiKg cwiw¯’wZ PjwQj ZLb †iv‡gi †cvc †MÖMix kvwšÍ wdwi‡q Avb‡Z †Póv K‡ib| wZwb KvwW©bvj (Dominic) †K GKwU cÎmn Kb÷vÝ G †cÖiY K‡ib|

AZci 4Vv RyjvB 1415 mv‡j Kb÷vÝ G Avmj gnvmfv ïiæ nq Ges †mLv‡b †cv‡ci Av‡iKwU cÎ cvV K‡i ïbv‡bv nq †hLv‡b cÖwZØ›`x †cvc ·qvwesk Rb-Gi mKj wb‡`©k‡K A‰ea e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| AZci mfv Av‡iKwU wm×v‡šÍi ga¨ w`‡q †cvc ·qv`k †e‡bwW±-‡K c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z e‡jb| GB welqwU wb‡q m¤ªvU Zvi m‡½ Avjvc Ki‡Z hvb wKš‘ wZwb wQ‡jb Abo| Ae‡k‡l 1417 Zv‡K Awfhy³ K‡i c`Pz¨Z Kiv nq|

cwiw¯’wZ kvšÍ n‡j †cvc †MÖMixI c`Z¨vM K‡ib| GLb gÐjx‡Z †cv‡ci c` k~b¨ n‡q hvq| ZvB Kb÷vÝ gnvkfvi cÖ_g KvR nq bZzb GKRb †cvc wbe©vPb Kiv| ZLb mfv †KejgvÎ H mg‡qi Rb¨ cuvPUv †`k †_‡K ( d«vÝ, BZvjx, †¯úb, Bsj¨vÛ, Rvg©vbx ) 6 Rb K‡i †gvU 30 Rb cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡ib Ges w¯’i K‡ib †h `yB-Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q †cvc wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| myZivs 3iv b‡f¤^i 30 Rb cÖwZwbwa I 23 Rb KvwW©bvj GK‡Î KbK¬v‡e (Conclave) wgwjZ nb Ges b‡f¤^i 11 Zvwi‡L KvwW©bvj (Odo Colona) †K †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ K‡ib whwb cÂg gvwU©b bvgwU MÖnb K‡ib| GLv‡bB gnvwe‡”Q‡`i mgvwß N‡U| †cvc gvwU©‡bi ZË¡veav‡b Avevi 1418 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix 20 Zvwi‡L mfvi AvnŸvb Kiv nq †hLv‡b wewfbœ welqvw` cyY©twe‡ePbv I cvk Kiv‡bv nq| Zvi g‡a¨ -

1)      †Kvb mvaviY e¨w³ wMR©vi I Awd‡mi †`Lv‡kvbvi KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv|

2)      †Kvb mvaviY e¨w³ wMR©vi Puv`v †Zvjvi KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv|

3)      AZx‡Z †Nvl w`‡q AbywôZ mKj wbe©vPb‡K A‰ea e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq Gi m‡½ RwiZ mKj e¨w³‡K mgvRPz¨Z Ki‡Z ejv nq GgbwK wZwb hw` †cvcI nb|  

Ae‡k‡l 1418 mv‡ji 20‡k gvP© mfvi mgvwß N‡U|

          Bibliography

            1.The Catholic Encyclopedia, V.4, S.V. “Councils, General”, by MICHAEL OTT, 2003

            2.THOMAS P. “General Councils of The Church”, Mumbai, St.Paul Press, 2001

            3. BELLITTO M. Christopher, “The General Councils”, New York, 2002

†d¬v‡iÝ ag©gnvmfv (1431 Lªxóvã)

wgVz gªs

cÖviw¤¢K K_b

Lªxó gÊjxi mß`k mvaviY mfv †cvc PZz_© BDwR‡bi AvnŸv‡b Avi¤¢ nq 1431 †_‡K 1447 Lªxóv‡ã †d¬v‡iÝ kn‡i| mvaviY gnvmfvwUi cÖ_g Awa‡ekb nq BZvwji †diviv kn‡i Rvbyqvix 8, 1438 Lªxóvã †_‡K Rvbyqvix 10, 1439 Lªxóvã ch©šÍ| wØZxq Awa‡ekb Avi¤¢ nq †d¬v‡i‡Ý †deªæqvix 26, 1439 Lªxóv‡ã Ges †m‡Þ¤^‡i †cvc BDwRb †iv‡g ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| Z‡e †Kvb cÖKvi wjwLZ bw_cÎ QvovB mfv mgvß Kiv n‡qwQj wKš‘ GwU  n‡q wQj m¤¢Z 1445 Lªxóv‡ã|

†d¬v‡i‡Ý gnvmfvwU n‡qwQj cÖvP¨ gÊjx (MÖxK) Ges cvðvZ¨ (j¨vwUb) gÊjxi gvÊwjK wel‡q GKZv wb‡q| GB gnvmfvwU myBRvij¨v‡Êi eªv‡m‡j Avi¤¢ nq 1431 Lªxóv‡ã wKš‘ GB m‡¤§jb †cv‡ci ÿgZv wb‡q P¨v‡jÄ K‡ib| BDwRb b‡f¤^i 30, 1437 Lªxóv‡ã mfvi mgvwß †NvlYv K‡i Ges bZzb mfv AvnŸvb Kivi Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib †diviv‡Z| hw`I eª¨v‡m‡ji mfv A‰bwZK fv‡e 1449 Lªxóvã ch©šÍ PjwQj|

†divivq Awa‡ekb

cvðvZ¨ wekcMY †diviv‡Z Rvbyqvix 8, 1438 Lªxóv‡ã bZzb mfv Avi¤¢ K‡ib| BDwRb GB mfvq Avmvi Rb¨, _vKv, hvZvq‡Zi e¨q fvi enb Kiv ivwR nq we‡kl fv‡e cÖvP¨ cÖwZwbwa‡`i e¨q fvi|  cÖvP¨ gÊjxi 700 Rb cÖwZwbwa †deªæqvix gv‡mi 8 Zvwi‡L †fwbm kn‡i †cŠuQvq Ges gv‡P©i cÖ_g mßv‡n Zviv †diviv‡Z †cŠQvq| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z wQj Kb÷¨vbwU‡bvc‡ji c¨vwUªqvK©©, wØZxq †hv‡md, Av‡j·RvwÛqvi wnmve wbixÿK 20 Rb wekc (Avwš’‡qvK I †Riæmv‡j‡gi) Ges Ab¨vb¨ hvRKeM© I cÖv‡P¨i mgªvU Aóg †hvnb, Zvi fvB †WwgwUªDm Ges Zv‡`i AvBbÁ e¨w³eM©| cÖvP¨ I cvðvZ¨ cÖwZwbwa wb‡q 9 GwcÖj gnv mgv‡iv‡n mvaviY mfv D‡Øvab Kiv nq| mgªv‡Ui AwfcÖv‡q cvðv‡Z¨i ivRcy‡Îi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Kiv nq| Z‡e d«vÝ Zv‡`i cÖwZwbwa cvVvq| 4 Ryb n‡Z RyjvB G gvSvgvwS chšÍ© ïP¨vwMœ¯’vb (ga¨¯’vb) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡qwQj| †Kvb HK¨g‰Z bv †cŠ‡QB Av‡jvPbv mgvß Kiv nq|

cÖ_g ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Awa‡ekb ïiæ nq  8 A‡±vei †_‡K 13 wW‡m¤^i chšÍ© †gvU 13 wU gZev`‡K (Doctrinal)  †K›`ª K‡i| MÖxK gÊjx wbev©wPZ welqvw` wb‡q we‡kl K‡i wb‡mqv wek¦vm g‡š¿i ÒFilioque” cyÎ n‡Z hvZ e‡j eR©b K‡i| MÖxK gÊjx `vwe K‡ib †h G‡dmvm gnvmfv wb‡mqv wek¦vm gš¿ cwieZ©‡b wewa wb‡la Av‡ivc K‡ib| j¨vwUb gÊjx wb‡mqv wek¦vm AUzZ ivL‡Z wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| d‡j †Kvb cÖKvi HK¨ mvwaZ nqwb|

gnvgvwi †ivM †cøM, ˆmb¨‡`i wek„•Lj g‡bvfve, MÖxK gÊjxi cªwZwbwa‡`i e¨q fvi en‡bi KviY †`wL‡q 1439 Lªxóv‡ã gnvmfv †d¬v‡i‡Ý ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq| hvi LiP †m †`‡ki RbMY enb Ki‡Z ivwR nq| 

†d¬v‡i‡Ýi Awa‡ek

cÖvK mfv 26 †deªæqvix mgvß nIqvi ci 2 gvP© ‡_‡K 24 gvP© †gvU AvUwU Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| j¨vwUb gÐjxi `vex K‡ib ‡h, wcZv, cyÎ n‡ZB cweÎ AvZ¥v G‡m‡Q wKš‘ MÖxK gÐjx `vwe K‡ib ‡h ïay wcZv n‡ZB G‡m‡Q| gb‡U‡b‡ivi †hvnbB j¨vwUb gÐjxi c‡ÿ e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K MÖxK gÐjxi c‡ÿ gvK© BD‡Rwbqvm  Zvi e³e¨ †ck K‡ib| †gvU cvPuwU Awa‡ekb †Rvov‡jv fv‡e Av‡jvPbv nq Dc‡iv³ welq wb‡q| wKš‘ 6 ô Awa‡ek‡b gvK© kv‡¯¿i Dw³ wb‡q e‡jb ‡h, GB gnvmfv MÖxK‡`i cÿ mg_©b K‡ib| 7g I 8g Awa‡ek‡b gb‡U‡b‡iv GKB  Dw³ wb‡q e‡jb GB mfv  j¨vwUb gÐjxi cÿve¤^j K‡ib| wKš‘ Gi djvdj w¯’i n‡q _v‡K|

`yÕgvm a‡i h‡_ô ch©v‡jvPbv I hyw³Z‡K©i ci MÖxK wekcMY (Dogma) ag©wek¦vmwU A_v©r ïP¨vwMœ¯’vb I †cv‡ci KZ…©Z¡ m¤ú‡K© Kv_wjK gÐjx hv wkÿv †`q  Zv‡Z m¤§wZ ev GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib| 6B Rvbyqvix, 1439 Lªxóvã 133 Rb j¨vwUb wekc I 33 Rb MÖxK wekc KZ…©K †cvcxq Abykvmb cΠ (Laetentur Coeli) mvÿwiZ nq| Gfv‡e Avev‡iv MÖxK gÊjx ag© we‡”Q‡`i (Greek Schism ) Aemvb N‡U|

†cvcxq AvÁvc‡b ev Abykvm‡b Gfv‡e †cv‡ci e¨vL¨v Kiv nq ÒcweÎ w·Z¡iÓ bv‡g Avgiv †d¬v‡i‡Ýi cyY¨ I mvaviY gnvmfv m¤§wZµ‡g Avbyiƒc ixwZ‡Z `„pfv‡e †NvlYv KiwQ †h, mvov c„w_ex Ry‡o cyY¨ †cÖwiwZK (Apostolic) kvmK Ges †iv‡gi wek‡ci i‡q‡Q †kªôZ¡ Ges Av‡iv †NvlYv KiwQ †h, †iv‡gi wekc  n‡j mvay wcZ‡ii DËivwaKvix, †cÖwiZ‡`i cÖwZwbwa Ges wZwb Lªx‡ói mwZ¨Kvi cªwZwbwa Avi mgMÖ gÐjxi cÖavb; mg¯Í Lªxóvbymvixi wcZv I wkÿK; Ges mvay wcZ‡ii ga¨w`‡q Zvui Dc‡iB Avgv‡`i cÖfz hxï Lªxó †gliƒc gÊjx‡K cvjb, kvmb Ges cwiPvjbv Kivi m¤ú~Y© ÿgZv b¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb wVK †hgbwU gnv mfv¸‡jvi Kvh©µ‡g Ges cyY¨ wewa¸‡jv‡Z (Sacred Canons) wbwnZ i‡q‡Q| Gme wb‡qB MÖxK wekcMY †`‡k wd‡i hvb| AZci kxNÖB Av‡g©wbqvbi g‡bvwdRvBU gÐjx¸‡jvi †bZ„eM© †d¬v‡i‡Ý G‡m †ivgxq gÐjxi mv‡_ c~Y©wgj‡bi Av‡e`b Rvbvq|  Kvjwm‡Wvb (Chalcedon) gnvmfvq cÖYxZ Ges †cvc mvay wjI KZ©„K A_© ewY©Z wek¦v‡mi mywbw`©ó e¨vL¨vi cÖwZ Zviv GKgZ †cvlY K‡iwQ‡jb|1442 Lªxóv‡ã Bw_IcxqivI gÊjx‡Z cybivq M„nxZ nb| †d¬‡i‡Ý gnvmfvq mgv‡e‡ki †kl ZvwiL wQj AvMó 1445 Lªxóvã hLb gnvmfv mvBcÖv‡mi †bóixq åvšÍgZev`x‡`i MÖnY K‡i| ZvivI ivRx nq G‡dmxq gnvmfvi Aa¨v‡`k (Nestarian) ¸‡jv cvjb Kivi Rb¨ hv †b‡÷ixDR Ges Zvi wkÿv‡K Awfhy³K‡iwQ‡jb| †d¬v‡i‡Ý gnvmfv †k‡li mwVK w`bÿb Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi bv|

mnvqKMÖš’mg~n

·          The Encyclopedia for School and Home, 1^st ed., V.4, s.v. “Florence, Council of”, by Gill Joseph, l, 1965.

·         New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2^nd ed., V.3, s.v. “Florence, Council of”, by M.M. Chilenall, 2003.

·         THOMAS, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, The Bombay Saint Paul Society, Bangalore, 2005.

·         MURPHY, John L.: The General Councils of the Church, The Bruce Publishing Company, Melwaukee, 1959.

·         gv‡Ëwi‡qwË, G gbwmK&b‡i: Lªxóxq mfvi mvaviY BwZnvm, cÖ_g LÊ, KjKvZv, 1892|

·         www. Wikipedia.com

cÂg jvZvivb gnvmfv (1512 Lªxóvã)

wbZ¨ AvšÍbx G°v

1492, Lªxóv‡ã 26†k AvMó KvwW©bvj ewR©qv (Borgia) gÐjxi 214Zg †cvc 6ó Av‡jKRvÛvi bvg aviY K‡ib| wZwb 23Rb KvwW©bv‡ji g‡a¨ 16Rb‡K Nyl I gÐjxi wKQz my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb Kivi cÖwZÁv K‡i wb‡Ri c‡ÿ †fvU Av`vq K‡ib| Bnv wQj †cvcZ‡š¿i me‡P‡q AÜKvigq w`b| weMZ 15 kZvãx‡Z, hviv †cvcZš¿ KiZ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mvay I Amvay †jvKI wQj| Av‡jKRvÛvi GB gnv cÖwZóv‡bi cweÎZv Ges gnË¡Zv bó Kivi c‡ÿ Ae¯’vb †bq| Zvi 11 eQ‡ii kvmb Kv‡j gÐjxi Ae¯’v LyeB aes‡mi w`‡K P‡j hvq| 1503 Lªxóv‡ãi 18B AvMó mg¯Í Lªxóvb mgvR gy³ fv‡e cÖ¯Íve †bq| GB w`‡b Av‡jKRvÛvi Ges Zvi wcÖq cyÎ wmRvi ewR©qv (Caesar Borgia) g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib| GUv †iv‡gi ¸Re wQj †h, †Q‡j Ges evev welv³ g` cvb K‡iwQj hv bvwK A‡b¨i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡iwQj|

cieZ©x †cvc wQ‡jb wØZxq wcDm wZwb GKgv‡mi g‡a¨ gviv hvb| †mB ¸ß mfvq Rywjqvb bvg aviY K‡ib| GB RywjqvbB 5g jvZvivb gnvmfvi Awa‡ekb K‡iwQ‡jb| hZUzKz Rvbv hvq, Rywjqvb mvay wQ‡jb bv| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii gZ ZviI †Q‡j †g‡q wQj, wZbwU †g‡q, cÖ_g w`‡K wZwb mvaviYZ A‰bwZK Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb| wZwb LyeB fqsKi e¨w³ wQ‡jb Rxe‡b †ekxifvM mg‡q Avwg© †cvkvK c‡i hyׇÿ‡Î ˆmb¨ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| Zvi cÖavb kÎæ wQj Av‡jKRvÛvi 6ó Gi cyÎ wmRvi ewR©qv (Borgia)| †h me KvwW©bvjMY Zvi evevi KvQ †_‡K jvj Uzwc MÖnY KiZ Zviv Zvi AwePj AbyMvgx wQj| GK †Pv‡Li cj‡KB ewR©qvi  wekvj m¤úwË †cvc wb‡q †bq Ges Zv‡K †MÖßvi K‡i †R‡j wb‡ÿc K‡i| hLb †m `yB eQi ci gy³ nj, ZLb †iv‡gi GK iv¯Ívq Zvi g„Z jvk cvIqv hvq|

wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© KvwW©bvj‡`i Kv‡Q cÖwZÁv K‡iwQj †h, Zv‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv mv‡c‡ÿ gÐjx welq msµvšÍ mgm¨v wb‡q mgvavb Ki‡eb| wKš‘ Rywjqvb ÿgZvq G‡m Zv‡`i AeÁv K‡ib Ges e¨vcviUv Lvivc w`‡K avweZ nq| wZwb bZzb 27 Rb KvwW©bvj wb‡qvM †`b| †mB mgq wKQz KvwW©bvj †i‡M hvb Ges ivMvwš^Z KvwW©bvjMY †ivg Z¨vM K‡ib| d«v‡Ýi ivRv 12Zg jyBm Gi cÖv½‡b †hvM †`q, whwb GB mg‡q DËi BZvwjq †cv‡ci cÖ‡`‡ki weiæ‡× hy× KiwQ‡jb| Rvg©vwbi m¤ªvU †g·wgwjqvb †cv‡ci weiæ‡× GB hy× cÖv½‡b †hvM †`b|

GB `j 1511 Lªxóv‡ã wcmvq (Pisa) Rywjqv‡bi D”PZi ivRv‡`i‡K wb‡q mvaviY mfv Kivi wm×všÍ †bq| 1511 Lªxóv‡ãi 1jv †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m PviRb KvwW©bvj Ges GKB msL¨K wekc wcwmqvq †cuŠ”Qvq| wcmvi AwaKvsk †jvKRb Zv‡`i evmv fvov w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i| ZvB Zviv wgjvb hvq †Kbbv Zv‡`i fv‡M¨ GB Ae¯’v A‡cÿv K‡iwQj| †k‡l Zviv GmwU (Asti) kn‡i †cŠ‡”Q, †mLv‡b Zviv Awa‡ekb K‡i| GiB g‡a¨ Rywjqvb Zvi Avwg© wb‡q d«v‡Ýi DËi BZvwj mvÿvZ Ki‡Z hvq| hy‡×i GK ch©v‡q d«vwÝm Rywjqvb‡K civwRZ K‡i| ag©hy‡× civwRZ n‡q Rywjqvb ax‡i ax‡i PZzi gvóvi †Rbv‡ij Wwgwb‡Ki mv‡_ GKwÎZ n‡q †iv‡gi w`‡K cybivq Mgb K‡ib| G wQj †mB e¨w³ whwb Rywjqvb‡K mvaviY mfv WvK‡Z Ermvn `vb K‡ib| 19†k GwcÖj, 1512 Lªxóvã jvZvivb gnvmfvq 1511 Lªxóv‡ãi 18B RyjvB †m †cv‡ci Abykvm‡b Zvi wb‡Ri RvqMvq ¯^vÿi K‡i|

GB gnvmfv c~Y©fv‡e cvuP eQi wQj Ges 1517 mv‡j gvwU©b jy_v‡ii Av‡›`vj‡bi erm‡i †kl nq| †mLv‡b RbM‡Yi mv‡_ 12wU mfv nq| Av‡jvPbvi cÖavb welq wQj Av‡›`vjb Ges KvwW©bv‡ji A_©e¨q, gÐjxi cybMVb (Pragmatic Sanction) Gi mgm¨v| †mUv Øviv d«v‡Ýi †ewm‡ji †ivevi KvDwÝj mbv³ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj|

6Uv RbM‡Yi Awa‡ek‡bi ci 1513 Lªxóv‡ãi 22†k †deªæqvix †cvc Rywjqvb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| 37 eQi eq‡m KvwW©bvj Mvjfvwbb `¨v †gwWwm, bZzb †cvc nb Ges wZwb wjI `kg Gi bvg aviY K‡ib| `yB gv‡mi g‡a¨B †m me Av‡›`vjb KvwW©bvj‡`i Aax‡b wb‡q Av‡mb| Zvici `kg wjI d«v‡Ýi ivRv Ges (Pragmatic Sanction) †KBm nv‡Z †bq, †gwWwm cwievi d«v‡Ýi ivRvi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ myjf wQj| †h‡nZz  †m d«v‡Ýi ivRv Øv`k jyBm Gi weiæ‡× †h‡Z cwiKíbv K‡iwQj, †m GB Lei ïbvj †h, myBP Avwg© d«v‡Ýi Øviv wgjv‡b †bvfvqv hy‡× civwRZ n‡q‡Q| jyBm fq †cj †h, †cvc Aek¨B Lye ZvovZvwo myBP †hvM w`‡q Zvi weiæ‡× hv‡e| GB Ae¯’vq †cv‡ci Av¯’v AR©‡bi Rb¨ Zvi ivóª`~Z †iv‡g cvVv‡jb|

1513 mv‡j 7B wW‡m¤^i d«v‡Ýi ivóª`~Z gnvmfvq Dcw¯’Z n‡jb Ges Awdwmqvj weeviYx ev` w`‡Z Aby‡iva K‡ib Ges †d¬v‡i‡Ý gnvmfv †NvlYv Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZÁv Ki‡jb †h c~‡e© evwm‡j gnvmfv‡K cÖZ¨vLvb K‡iwQj| Bnv‡Z gnvmfv myô n‡jv Ges †cvc Øv`k jyBm wewa wb‡la Zz‡j wb‡jb| hvB †nvK jyBm 1515 Lªxóv‡ãi 10B Rvbyqvixi g‡a¨ g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Zvi Abymvix ivRv 1g d«vwÝm wQj Zvi RvgvZv| wZwb †cv‡ci weiæ‡× d«v‡Ýi ivóªxq kvm‡bi weiæ‡× hvb|

d«v‡Ýi kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi msKí wb‡q wjI †ivg bM‡i hvÎv K‡ib d«vwÝm‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ hvi Kvi‡YB wZwb †mLv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb| `yB mßvn ci Zviv mg‡SvZvq Av‡mb| 1516 mv‡j d«v‡Ý Kb‡KvWvq Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡ib, hvi gva¨‡g †cvc wjI ivRv‡K AwaKvi w`‡jb Zvi cQ›` gZ, Ges d«v‡Ýi 93Rb wekc Ges 510wU g‡Vi Aa¨ÿ‡K ivRv Zvnvi c‡ÿ (Pragmatic Sanction) Z¨vM Ki‡jb Ges evwm‡ji gnvmfv Kvh©vejx cÖZ¨vLvb Ki‡Z ivRx n‡jb|

gnvmfvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbv I wmÜvšÍ MÖnY

Zvici gnvmfvq wKQz wKQz ag© we‡ivax wkÿv hv gÐjx‡Z cÖPwjZ wQj †mB ¸‡jv nv‡Z wb‡jb, K‡qKRb HkZË¡we` G‡MÖvev‡m `k©b‡K AbymiY K‡i, cÖPvi KiZ †h, gvby‡li AvZ¥vI gvby‡li gZ giYkxj| GB weåvšÍKi ag©we‡ivax wkÿv ev` w`‡jb Ges gvby‡li AvZ¥v Agi e‡j cÖPvi K‡ib| Av‡iKwU Av‡`k n‡jv †h, cvc †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ gvbyl webv my‡` UvKv avi †`Iqv| wcÖw›Us †cÖm ¸‡jv Pvjy ivLv nj Ges Lvivc Qwemn eB evRv‡i Avm‡Z ïiæ Kij hv gvby‡li ˆbwZK Rxe‡bi Aeÿq K‡i| gnvmfv †NvlYv Kij †h, cÖ‡Z¨K wek‡ci Aax‡b †cÖm †_‡K †h eB gyw`ªZ n‡e Zv‡Z wek‡ci Aby‡gv`b cÖ‡qvRb|

Av‡iKwU Av‡`k cvk Kiv nj †h, †cvc I wek‡ci e¨w³MZ †Kvb wel‡qi weiæ‡× †Kvb wKQz †jLv hv‡e bv| ˆØZ kvm‡bi A‡bK myweav eÜ Kiv n‡e| gnvmfvq cÖKv‡k¨ wekc‡`i †_‡K GKwU `vwe Rvbv‡jv †h, g‡Vi msN ¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿b Ki‡e KviY gVva¨ÿiv wekc‡`i gZ ¯^vaxb fv‡e Rxeb hvcb KiZ| Zv‡`i ms‡Ni e¨w³MZ wKQz wbqg wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨ wKQz KwVb AvBb cvk Kiv nq|

cwi‡k‡l, 1517 mv‡j 15B gvP© GKwU †NvlYvi gva¨‡g wbwl× Kiv nj †h, KvwW©bvj‡`i cÖvmv` Lvwj _vK‡j †KD †Kvb wRwbm-cÎ jyU Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, hv mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ P‡j Avm‡Q, Ges Gfv‡eB jvZviv‡bi 5g gnvmfvi cwimgvwß N‡U|

       Bibliography

1. THOMAS,  P. C., “General Council of The Church”, St. PAULS, TPS III, Mumbai, 2008
2. BELLITTON, M. Christopher, “The General Council of the Church”, New York,  2012
3. MICHAEL, OTT, Edited, “The Catholic Encyclopedia”, Washington D.C, 2003
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Council of Lateran

†Uª›U gnvmfv (1542-1549 Lªxóvã)- 1g ce©

wdwjc Zzlvi M‡gR

¯’vb: †Uª›U, DIi BUvjx

mgqKvj: 1545-1563 Lªxóvã         

†cvcØq: 3q cj (1534-1549), 3q Rywjqvm (1550-1555) I 4_© wcDm ( 1559-1565)

mgªvUØq: 5g Pvj©m& ( 1519-1556) I 1g dviwW‡bÛ (1556-1564)

Av‡jvPbvi welq: gnvmfvq Avw`cvc, cweÎ evB‡ej, cÖ‡U÷¨v›U (Protestant) ag©gZev` cÖZ¨vL¨vb, mvµv‡g›U, gvÐwjK wbqg-bxwZi ms¯‹vi, wek¦vm mg‡Ü wk¶v, gvÐwjK k„•Ljv, cweÎ LªxóhvM, Lªxó-cÖmv`, AbyZvc, `ʇgvPb, mvay mvaŸx‡`i ¯§„wZ wP‡ýi cÖwZ fw³i wel‡q Kv_wjK wk¶v`vb K‡i‡Q Ges cvjKxq ms¯‹vi mva‡bi wbqgvejx wb‡q gnvmfvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| GB mKj wel‡qi AvBbx Lmov ‰Zix K‡i Zv †cv‡ci Av‡`kµ‡g AvBb wnmv‡e M„nxZ nq| 

†Uª›U gnvmfvi cUf~wg

†cvc 6ô Av‡jKRvÛvi Ges 2q Rywjqvm Gi mg‡q Nyl, Puv`v MÖnY, wbh©vZb, nZ¨v, DccZ¥x ivLv, mybvgnvbxKi welqmg~n gnvgvix AvKv‡i †`Lv †`q| GB mKj welq mg~‡ni Kvi‡Y †cvc‡`i Z¨vM Kivi Rb¨ wKQz we‡ivax `j cÖPvibv Pvjvb| 1496 Lªxóv‡ãi ïiæ‡Z WwgwbKvb ms‡Ni cÖPviKMY, mvay gv‡K©i MxR©vq †e`x g‡Â `uvwo‡q eRª K‡Ú e‡jb, Av‡jKRvÛvi †Kvb †cvc bb Ges wZwb wek¦vmnxb GKRb åvšÍgZev`x Zuvi nvZ i³ gvLv Ges Zuvi Avmb AwMœi Dci| `yÕeQi c‡iB GB WwgwbKvb Ges Ab¨ `yBRb mn‡hvMx‡K kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv nq| 1517 Lªxóv‡ã I‡q‡UbevM© (Wittenburg) Gi AvMwów bqvb ms‡Ni mbœ¨vmx gvwU©b jy_vi 20 eQi c~‡e© mv‡fvb‡ivjv (Savonarola) hv e‡jwQ‡jb wVK Zvi Abyiƒc e‡jb| BD‡iv‡ci cÖvq As‡k jy_v‡ii we‡¶vf Ges 1517 Lªxóv‡ã cÖ‡Uóvb‡`i Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j †Uª›U gnvmfv WvKvi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| jy_vi I‡q‡UbevM© (Wittenburg) wMR©vi `iRvq 95wU w_wmm Szwj‡q †`b| 1520 Lªxó‡ã †cvc `kg wjI Gµmy‡R© Wwg‡b (Exsurge Domine) AvBb Øviv jy_vi‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í K‡ib| jy_vi‡K 60 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Zuvi åvšÍ wk¶v cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †cv‡ci wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv nq| wKš‘ wZwb AvZ¥mgc©Y bv K‡i †cvc‡K Lªxó we‡ivax e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib Ges `ywU eB ‡jLvi gva¨‡g †cv‡ci weiæ‡× AvµgY K‡ib| jy_vi I cÖ‡U÷¨v›U‡`i mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mve©Rbxb `vex D‡V, †hb †cvc gnv`q GKwU gnvmfv AvnŸvb K‡ib| ZeyI bvbvwea Kvi‡Y †Uª›U gnvmfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z wej¤^ nq| Ae‡k‡l 1545 Lªxóv‡ã †Uª›U gnvmfv AnŸvb Kiv nq|

†Uª›U gnvmfv wej‡¤^i BwZnvm

†cvc 10g wjI 1521 Lªxóv‡ã gviv hvb| 1522 Lªxóv‡ã KvwW©bvjMY nj¨v‡Ûi AvwWªqvb‡K †cvc g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| whwb wb‡R‡K 6ô AvwWªqvb e‡j WvK‡Zb| wZwb †Kvb wKQz bv K‡iB 1523 Lªxóv‡ã gviv hvb| 1523 Lªxóv‡ã KvwW©bvj RywjI †cvc g‡bvbxZ nb Ges wZwb 7g †K¬‡g›U bvg MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 11 eQi gÐjx‡K cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv 8g †nbixi ˆea¨ ¯¿x K¨v_vwibvi wW‡fvm© msµvšÍ cÖkœ‡K †K›`ª K‡i RwVjZv †`Lv †`q| GB mg‡q Bsj¨vÛ gÊjx †ivg gÐjx †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq| †mB mg‡q K¨vjwfb bv‡g Av‡iv GKRb åvšÍ gZev` cÖPvi K‡ib| K¨vjwf‡bi åvšÍ gZev‡`i Øviv d«v‡Ýi gÊjx I myBRvij¨v‡Ûi gÊjx‡Z wefvRb †`Lv †`q| wZwb Av‡iv †`L‡jb gymwjg‡`i Øviv wf‡qbv Ges nv‡½ix `Lj n‡q wM‡q‡Q| Gig‡a¨ †cvc 7g †K¬‡g›U 1534 Lªxóv‡ã gviv hvb| cieZx© †cvc nb 66 eQi eqmx KvwW©bvj A¨v‡jm&mvb‡Wªv d«vwÝm (Alessandro Franese)| wZwb 3q cj bvg MÖnY K‡ib| †cvc cj †`L‡jb Lªxóvb mvgªv‡R¨ g~j Ask c„_K n‡q hv‡”Q| BD‡iv‡ci cÖvq ¯’v‡b A‰ea cÖ‡U÷¨v›U we‡`ªvnx ¯^xKvi| K¨vw_wjK ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ AbeiZ hy× BD‡ivc‡K `ye©j K‡i w`‡q‡Q| wZwb Dcjwä K‡ib GB Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z GKwU ag© gnvmfvB mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡i| ag© gnvmfv AvnŸvb Kivi Rb¨ Rvg©vb mgªv‡Ui m¤§wZ cÖ‡qvRb wQj| mgªvU †cv‡ci GB aviYv LyeB Avb‡›`i mv‡_ MÖnY K‡ib| KviY wZwb PvB‡Zb †hb, d«vÝ, Bsj¨vÛ, Rvg©v‡bi cÖ‡U÷¨v›U Avevi †iv‡gi gÐjx‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| wKQz msL¨vK KvwW©bvj ag©gnvmfv WvKvi wec‡¶ wQ‡jb| GKB fv‡e †¯úb I dv‡Ýi ivRvMYI m¤ú~Y© AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ Zuv‡K mg_©b Rvbvqwb|

†cvc Z…Zxq cj I †UªÈ gnvmfv

†cvc 6ô Av‡jKRvÛvi †cvc Z…Zxq cj-†K 1493 Lªxóv‡ã KvwW©bvj c‡` Awfwl³ K‡ib| 1534 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc 7g †K¬‡g›U g„Zy¨eiY Kivi ci †cvc Z…Zxq cj †cvc c‡` Awfwl³ nb| †cvc _vKvKvjxb mg‡q cÖ‡U÷¨v›U I K¨v_wjK gÊjxi g‡a¨ ag©-ms¯‹vi wb‡q A‡bK gZwe‡iva †`Lv †`q| †cvc Z…Zxq cj Zv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ m‡Pó nb| wZwb 10 b‡f¤^i 1549 Lªxóv‡ã 81 eQi eq‡m †iv‡g g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| †cvc Z…Zxq cj wQ‡jb GKRb my`ÿ †cvc| GB `xN© mgq wZwb LªxógÊjx‡K `ÿZvi m‡½ cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

1530 Lªxóv‡ã A¸óv (Augusta) bM‡i GKwU gnvmfv AvnŸvb Kiv nq| GB gnvmfvq Rvg©vbxi cÖ‡U÷¨v›Uiv Zv‡`i gZvbymv‡i GKwU Ôwek¦vm-ZË¡Õ iPbv K‡i, hv ÔA¸óv-i ¯^xKv‡ivw³Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1536 Lªxóv‡ã 2 Ryb AvbyôvwbK fv‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq †h, 1537 Lªxóv‡ãi 23 †g BUvjxi gvZzqvq (Mantua) ag©gnvmfvwU AbywôZ n‡e| †cvc Z…Zxq cj cÖ‡U÷¨v›U‡`i m‡½ gxgvsmv Kivi Rb¨ Ges gÊjxi ag©-Kg©PvixM‡Yi AvPvi I DcvPvimg~‡ni ms¯‹vi mva‡bi Rb¨ †UªÈ (Trent) bM‡i GKwU gnvmfv AvnŸvb K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l ivwUme‡b (Ratisbon) 1541 Lªxóv‡ã cÖ_g Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| 1542 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc mg¯Í wekc‡`i †Uª›U bM‡i wgwjZ nevi AvnŸvb K‡i wPwV cvVvb| †Uª›U n‡”Q Awóqv BbmevM© Gi 80 gvBj DI‡i mgªvU Pvj©‡mi ivRavbx| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wekcMY †Uª›U bM‡i †cuŠQv‡Z bv cvivq 1545 Lªxóv‡ã AvbyôvwbK fv‡e gnvmfv ïiæ nq| 5Rb KvwW©bvj, 31Rb wekc, 48Rb HkZZ¡we` ‡mB mv‡_ AveªwRq KvUvwi‡bv Ges W‡gvwb‡Kv †mv‡Uv, WwgwbKvb I mvay Ugvm AvKzBbv‡mi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vbKvixMYI Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| †cvc KZ…K wZbRb cÖwZwbwa gnvmfv cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

gÊjx‡Z †cvc Z…Zxq c‡ji Ae`vb

LªxógÊjx‡K cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKRb †hvM¨ KY©av‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wQj| †cvc Z…Zxq cj wQ‡jb †Zgwb GKRb †hvM¨ KY©avi| LªxógÊjx‡Z Zuvi A‡bK¸‡jv Ae`vb i‡q‡Q-

Ø  wZwb 1536 Lªxóv‡ã †U&ªÈ (Trent) bM‡i GKwU ag©gnvmfv AvnŸvb K‡ib|

Ø  LªxógÊjxi wec‡ÿ hvIqvi Rb¨ 1535 Lªxóv‡ã Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv Aóg †nbixÕ†K c`Pz¨Z K‡ib|

Ø  1542 Lªxóv‡ã †ivgxq agx©q `Ê e¨e¯’v cyb©MVb K‡ib| hv‡Z åvšÍ gZev‡`i MwZ‡iva Kiv hvq|

Ø  1555 Lªxóv‡ã A¸óv bM‡i ÔkvwšÍ-gxgvsmvÕ bv‡g GKwU wb‡`©kvejx M„nxZ K‡ib| †hb Rvg©vbx‡Z cÖ‡U÷¨v›U I K¨v_wjK gÊjxi g‡a¨ †hb †Kvb cÖKvi msNl© bv nq|

Ø  w_‡qUvBb (Theatine) Dly©jvBb (Ursuline) Ges †RRyBU (Jesuit) bZzb ag©vmsN¸‡jvi ag©xq cÖPvi Kv‡R ms‡kvaY Kiv I DbœwZi Rb¨ Drmvn-DØxcbv `vb K‡ib| Ges ˆkwíK Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|

†Uª›U gnvmfvq K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq

gnvmfvq Avw`cvc, cweÎ evB‡ej, cÖ‡U÷¨v›U (Protestant) ag©gZev` cÖZ¨vL¨vb, mvµv‡g›U, gvÐwjK wbqg-bxwZi ms¯‹vi, wek¦vm mg‡Ü wk¶v, gvÐwjK k„•Ljv, cweÎ LªxôhvM, Lªxó-cÖmv`, AbyZvc, `ʇgvPb, mvay mvaŸx‡`i ¯§„wZ wP‡ýi cÖwZ fw³i wel‡q Kv_wjK wk¶v`vb K‡i‡Q Ges cvjKxq ms¯‹vi mva‡bi wbqgvejx wb‡q mfvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| GB mKj wel‡qi AvBbx Lmov ‰Zix K‡i Zv †cv‡ci Av‡`kµ‡g AvBb wnmv‡e M„nxZ nq| wb‡¤œ wKQz AvBb hv †Uª›U ag©mfvq M„nxZ n‡qwQj Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-

1| GKRb wekc‡K GKvwaK ag©cÖ‡`‡ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z wb‡la Kiv nq|

2| wekc ev gVva¨¶ wbe©vwPZ n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B hvRK ei‡Yi 6 gvm AwZevwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

3| ag©cjøx cwi`k©b ev Awf‡lK ms¯‹vi cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb wekc fvZv `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|

4| gÐjxi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ msMÖnKvix `ßi wejyß Kiv nq|

5| †cv‡ci ¶wZc~i‡Yi †Nvlbvi `vwqZ¡ ag©cÖ‡`‡ki wekc‡`i Avq‡I ivLv nq|

6| A‰ea fv‡e †h mKj cy‡ivwnZ ¯¿x m‡½ _vK‡Qb Zv‡`i m‡½ Avjvc Kivi ¶gZv wekc‡`i †`Iqv nq|

7| gÐjxi Avq †_‡K wekc wKsev KvwW©bvjMY cwievi‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv|

7| D”P we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z evB‡ej wk¶v ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ wekc‡`i wb‡`©k †`Iqv nq|

8| wekcMY †hb QvÎevm wbg©vb K‡ib| †hLv‡b Ave¯’vb K‡i hye‡Kiv cy‡ivwnZ Rxe‡b Avmvi Rb¨ wk¶v jvf Ki‡e|

gÐjx‡Z 21wU gnvmfv AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| †Uª›U gnvmfv Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GB gnvmfvwU †hgb wQj `xN© mgqKvjxb †Zgwb gvÐjx‡Z A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq Av‡jvPbv I wmÜvšÍ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| gÐjxi Rb¨ †Uª›U gnvmfvwU Avkx©ev` ¯^iƒc| GB gnvmfvi cÖ_g c‡e© †ek wKQz `vwqZ¡ †cv‡ci Dc‡i b¨v¯Í Kiv nq| †Uª›U gnvmfvq 25wU Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| `xN© 18 eQi gnvmfvwU Pj‡Z _v‡K Ges 1563 Lªxóv‡ã mgvwß N‡U|

mnvqK MÖš’mg~n

·         The Catholic Encyclopedia for School and Home, v. 10, s.v. ‘Pope Paul III’, by Robert J. Renault, 1965.

·         AvMwób dv: wR Ges G›Ub myeªZ gÊj (Abyev`K) : Lªxó-gÊjxi BwZnvm, mvay †hv‡md †Uªwbs BbwówUDU Ad& wcÖw›Us †cÖm, b`xqv, 2005|

·         New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2^nd edition, v. 4, s.v. ‘Constantinople III’, by V. Laugent, 2003.

·         THOMAS, P.C. : General Councils of the Church, St. Paul Press, Mumbai, 2001.

‡Uª›U ag©gnvmfv (1545-1563 Lªxóvã) wØZxq ce©

wc›Uz ‡eÄvwgb K¯Ív

GB ag©gnvmfv 1545 n‡Z 1563 Lªxóvã ch©šÍ `xN© 18 eQi a‡i P‡j| 1547 mv‡j ag©mfv hLb AMÖMwZi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡”Q ZLb †Uª›U bMi‡Z gvivË¡K gnvgvix †`Lv †`q| Gi d‡j †cvc cj Z…Zxq gÐjxi wcZ…MY‡K ejbx‡Z hvevi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| ejbxqv‡Z GK eQi gnvmfv cwiPvjbvi ci Avevi 1548 mv‡j †Uª›U kn‡i gnvmfvi Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq| wKš‘ ejbxqv‡Z †Kvb wKQzB mvwaZ nqwb| Gi GK eQi ci 1549 mv‡j †cvc 3q cj g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z KvwW©bvj wW gv‡šÍ †cvc nb Ges Z…Zxq Rywjqvm bvg MÖnY K‡i| wZwb gvÎ cuvP eQi gÐjx cwiPvjbv K‡ib| †cvc Z…Zxq Rywjqvm 1551-1552 Lªxóv‡ã †Uª›U gnvmfv cybivq Avnevb K‡ib|

1551-1552 Lªxóv‡ã †Uª›U gnvmfv Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘

1| Lªxó cÖmv` (Awa‡ekb bs 13)

2| AbyZvc (Awa‡ekb bs 14)

3| `Ê †gvPb (Awa‡ekb bs 14)

1| Lªxó cÖmv` (Awa‡ekb bs 13)

cweΠ Lªxó cÖmv` ms¯‹v‡i Lªxó, Dfq AvKv‡i Dcw¯’Z| hxï Lªxó wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb iæwU `ªvÿvi‡mi AvKv‡i Zuvi cÖK…Z †`nB wZwb DrmM© K‡i‡Qb LªxógÐjxi Rb¨ hv LªxógÐjx me©`v  wek¦vm K‡i Avm‡Q| mvaviY iæwU I `ªvÿvim DrmM© Kiv Øviv iæwU I `ªvÿvi‡mi mg¯Í `ªe¨mËv cwiewZ©Z n‡q hxïi †`n I i‡³i mËvq iƒc wb‡q Lªxó cÖmv`xq iƒ‡c Avgv‡`i gv‡S Dcw¯’Z nb| hvRK Øviv DrmM© Kivi ÿY †_‡K hZÿY ch©šÍ Lªxó cÖmv`xq `ª‡e¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K| Lªxó m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb DrmM©xK…Z iæwUi cÖwZwU LwÛZ As‡k| iæwU LÛb Kiv hvq wKš‘ Lªxó‡K LÛb Kiv hvq bv | †KD hw` GB K_v A¯^xKvi K‡i Z‡e †m webvk ev Awfkv‡ci cvÎ n‡e|

2| AbyZvc (Awa‡ekb bs 14)

K…Z cv‡ci Rb¨ AbyZvcxi AbyZvc KivB Zvi cÖ_g I cÖavb KvR | Ck¦‡ii fv‡jvevmv †_‡K wb‡R‡K ewÂZ bv Kivi Rb¨ AbyZvc †fv` g‡bi g‡a¨ Avbv I cvc N„Yv Kiv I Avi cvc bv Kivi `„p msKí MÖnY Kiv| e¨w³ AbyZß n‡q gb-cixÿvi d‡j Zvi mKj cvc ¯§iY K‡i hvR‡Ki Kv‡Q Zvi me cvc¯^xKvi Ki‡e Ges ZvB n‡jv AbyZvcxi AbyZv‡ci AZ¨vek¨Kxq Kvh©| e¨w³ Zvi mg¯Í cvc Kvh© ¯^xKvi Ki‡e Ggb wK ¸iæZi cvc  K‡iI _v‡K ZvI ej‡e hw` bv e‡j Z‡e Zvi †Mvcb cvc¸‡jv Zvi AvZ¥v‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ÿwZ Ki‡e| f³ Ck¦‡ii we‡kl AbyMÖn jv‡fi Rb¨ I cv‡ci ÿgv jv‡fi Rb¨ Zvi cvc cÖKvk Ki‡e| AvZ¥vi wbivg‡qi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †Kvb cvc †Mvcb Kiv hv‡e bv| Amy¯’ AvZ¥v wb‡q cweÎ LªxócÖmv` MÖnY Kviv DwPZ bq| cv‡ci ÿgv jvf K‡iB cweÎ LªxócÖmv` MÖnY Kvi DwPZ|

3| `ІgvPb (Awa‡ekb bs 14)

AvZ¥vi wbivgq ev cv‡ci ÿgv jv‡fi Rb¨ hvRK Avgv‡`i †h kvw¯Íi AvÁv K‡i Zv Ck¦‡ii fv‡jvevmv cvevi Rb¨ †`b ZvB `ЇgvPb| Avgiv †hb Avgv‡`i cvc Kvh©‡K eyS‡Z cvwi KviY cvc Kvh©Øviv Avgiv Ck¦‡ii KvQ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvB| `~‡i m‡i wM‡qB Avgiv AbšÍ kvw¯Í cvB| Avgiv Avgv‡`i cvc Øviv mg¯Í m„ó RMr †_‡K `~‡i hvB| Avgv‡`i cvc Øviv mg¯Í m„ó RMr fv‡jvevwm I Ck¦‡ii mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i kvk¦Z Rxeb jvf Kiv †_‡K ewÂZ nq | Avgvi cvc ØvivB g„Zz¨i ci bi‡K I ga¨¯’v‡b †h‡Z cvwi | mvgwqK kvw¯Í Øviv Avgiv cvc Aciva †_‡K gyw³ jvf Kwi| gb cwieZ©b Kivi d‡j AvZ¥vi ïw× jvf Kwi |

Gici I GB ag© gnvmfv Pj‡Z _v‡K 1563 mvj ch©šÍ|

K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi

1. THOMAS, P.C.: “General Councils of the Church”, Bangalore, St. Paul’s Press, 2000.

2. HUGHES, Philip: “The Church in Crisis. A History of the General Councils”, New York, Image Books, 1964.

3. Kg‡e †Rb: gÐjxi BwZnvm cwiwPwZ, K¯Ív, Gb. Kgj (Abyev`K): RvZxq ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwkÿb ‡K›`ª, h‡kvi, 2001|

4. Kv_wjK gÐjxi ag© wkÿv, evsjv‡`k Kv_wjK wekc mwš§jbx, XvKv, 2000|

5. AvMwób, dv: wR. Ges G›Ub myeªZ gÐj (Abyev`K): Lªxó gÐjxi BwZnvm, mvay †hv‡md †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU Ad& wcÖwUs †cÖm, b`xqv, 2005|

‡Uª›U ag©gnvmfv (1562-1563 Lªxóvã) - 3q fvM

mvMi †KvovBqv

†Uª›U ag©gnvmfv wZbwU ch©v‡q AbywôZ n‡qwQj| cÖ_gwU 1545 †_‡K 1548 Lªxóvã, wØZxqwU 1551 †_‡K 1552 Lªxóvã Ges Z…Zxq mfvwU 1562 †_‡K 1563 Lªxóvã ch©šÍ| 1563 Lªxóv‡ãi 3 I 4Vv wW‡m¤^‡ii †kl Aax‡ek‡b KvwW©bvj, AvP©wekc, wekc wg‡j 199, 3 Rb †cwUªqvK©, 7 Rb Av‡eŸvU, 7 Rb mywcwiqi †Rbv‡ij Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| †cvc 4_© wcDm ag©mfvwU cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mvnvh¨Kvix wnmv‡e Zuvi fv‡Mœ Pvj©m e‡iv‡gI‡K †c‡qwQ‡jb| e‡iv‡gI gvÎ 22 eQi eq‡m KvwW©bvj I wgjvb ag©cÖ‡`‡ki wekc c‡` AwawôZ nb| ag©mfvi mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ Pvj©m e‡iv‡gI AK¬všÍ cwikªg K‡i mfvi Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i 3q av‡c mvµv‡g›U mg‡Ü wkÿv, wek¦vm mg‡Ü cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v, gÐjx‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi ms¯‹vi mvab, gÐjxi Rxeb Ges k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© cÖkœvejxi m‡PZb I mywe‡ePK gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| gnvmfvi wcZ…cyiæliv Av‡jvwPZ Aa¨v‡`k¸‡jv‡Z mvÿi K‡ib| †cvc 4_© wcDm ÒBenedictus Deus” bvgK c‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q gnvmfvi AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZ`vb Ges Aa¨v‡`k¸‡jv Qvcv Aÿ‡ii Rb¨ AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| `xN© AvVvi eQi eû e¨vNv‡Zi ci gnvmfv mgvß nq Ges Gi wmavšÍ¸‡jv axiMwZ‡Z Kvh©Ki n‡Z ïiæ K‡i|

‡Uª›U gnvmfvq M„wnZ wmavšÍmg~n

1562 Lªxóv‡ãi 18 Rvbyqvixi 17 Zg Awa‡ek‡b †cv‡ci cÖwZwbwa †cv‡ci wjwLZ Av‡`k cvV K‡ib| c‡Î †cvc 4_© wcDm D‡jøL K‡ib †h, Avgiv wcZv, cyÎ I cweÎvZ¥v ev wÎe¨w³‡K †MŠie Kwi| Avi ZvB GB †Uª›U gnvmfv cweÎ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ RwoZ|

26†k Rvbyqvixi 18 Zg Awa‡ek‡b Dcvmbvi cy¯ÍK cQ›` Ges RbM‡Yi cÖ`Ë wbivcËvi Av‡jv‡K mevB‡K gnvmfvq AskMÖn‡Yi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq|

1562 Lªxóv‡ãi 12B gvP© †cv‡ci cÖwZwbwaMY 12 wU `wjj Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvi g‡a¨ wekcxq Avevm¯’j welqK mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| GB gnvmfvq †NvlYv Kiv nq †h, wekc HkwiK AvÁvi ga¨ w`‡q wbR ag©cÖ‡`‡k emevm Ki‡eb|

14 †gi 19 Zg Awa‡ek‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †h, Awa‡ek‡b Av‡jvwPZ Aa¨v‡`k¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiv ¯’wMZ _vK‡e|

4Vv Ryb, 20 Zg Awa‡ek‡b fwel¨Z Awa‡ekb ch©šÍ Aa¨v‡`k¸‡jv cÖKvk ¯’wMZ Ges Aa¨v‡`k¸‡jv cÖKv‡ki GKwU ZvwiL wbw`©ó Kiv nq|

16 RyjvB, 21 Zg Awa‡ekb DfqvKv‡i LªxócÖmv` MÖnY welqK wkÿv Ges wkï‡`i LªxócÖmv` MÖnY wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

17B †m‡Þ¤^i, 22 Zg Awa‡ekb Lªxóhv‡M cweÎ Z¨vM¯^xKvi mg‡Ü wkÿv I AvBb cÖYqb K‡i| GQvov LªxóhvM Drm‡M©i mgq †Kvb welq ev e¯‘ MÖnY Kiv hv‡e Avi †Kvb¸‡jv eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wkÿv †`q| Lªxóhv‡M e¨eüZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv we‡kl K‡i cvbcvÎ e¨env‡ii wel‡q Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi Kiv nq| wmavšÍ nq †h, Lªxóhv‡M cvbcvÎ wnmv‡e Kuv‡Pi ‰Zix †Kvb Møvm e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| GB Awa‡ek‡b Av‡iv ejv nq, Ò†KD hw` e‡j †ivgxq gÐjxi Dcvmbv ixwZ †h As‡k Lªxóhv‡Mi ab¨evw`Kv cÖv_©bv I cÖwZôv evK¨¸‡jv bxPz¯^‡i ejv nq Zv Aek¨B evwZj e‡j †NvwlZ nIqv DwPr wKsev †KD hw` e‡j LªxóhvM GKgvÎ †`kxq fvlvqB AbywôZ n‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j †m webvk ev Awfkv‡ci cvÎ †nvK|Ó

1563 Lªxóv‡ãi 15B RyjvB 13 Zg Awa‡ek‡b hvRK‡Z¡i wel‡q ejv n‡q _v‡K| hvRKeiY ms¯‹vi mg‡Ü Ges eZ©gvb mg‡qi fzjåvwšÍ mg‡Ü Kv_wjK gÐjxi mwZ¨Kvi wkÿv GB Awa‡ekb cÖ`vb K‡i| bZzb wbq‡g †Kvb `„k¨gvb I evwn¨K hvRKZ¡ e‡j wKQz †bB wKsev Lªx‡ói cÖK…Z †`n I cÖK…Z i³ cÖwZôv I Drm‡M©i Ges cvc ÿgv ev a‡i ivLvi ÿgZv e‡j wKQz ‡bB| wKš‘ Av‡Q ïay mymgvPvi cÖPv‡ii GKwU f~wgKv I †mevKvh©| Avi †KD hw` e‡j hviv cÖPvi K‡i bv, Zviv Avi cy‡ivwnZ bq Zvn‡j †m Awfkv‡ci cvÎ †nvK| GB gnvmfvq †mwgbvix cÖwZôvi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| gnvmfv e‡j †h, hyemgvR hw` mywkwÿZ bv nq, Zvn‡j Zviv mn‡RB RvMwZK †fvMwejv‡mi w`‡K wec_Mvgx n‡Z cv‡i| †QvU‡ejvq hLb Zv‡`i‡K bvbv iKg e`¨vfvm AvK‡o a‡iwb, wVK ZLbB hw` Zv‡`i‡K ag©vbyivM I a‡g©i MVb-cÖwkÿY bv †`qv nq Zvn‡j Ck¦‡ii gnv I we‡kl ZË¡veavb Qvov gÐjxi wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi cÖwZ cy‡ivcywi Aa¨emvqx nIqv Zv‡`i Rb¨ Am¤¢e| ZvB gnvmfv †NvlYv K‡i †h, cÖwZwU MxR©v wbR ag©cÖ‡`‡k wKQz msL¨K †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K jvjb cvjb Ki‡e I ag©vbyiv‡Mi †cÖiYvq M‡o Zzj‡e Ges Zv‡`i gÐjxi wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi MVb `vb Ki‡e|

11B b‡f¤^i, 24 Zg Awa‡ek‡b weevn ms¯‹vi mg‡Ü ejv nq †h, cvj cy‡ivwnZ A_ev ag©cvj wKsev cvj-cy‡ivwnZ KZ…©K ÿgZvcÖvß Ab¨ †Kvb cy‡ivwn‡Zi mvÿv‡Z Qvov Ges `yÕwZb Rb mvÿxi mvg‡b Qvov †KD hw` weevn mš§Ü Ki‡e e‡j gb¯’ K‡i Zv‡nj GB cweÎ gnvmfv Zv‡`i‡K G ai‡bi Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi m¤ú~Y© A‡hvM¨ †NvlYv K‡i‡Q Ges GUvI ejv nq †h G ai‡bi Pzw³ meB AvBbZ evwZj|

3-4 wW‡m¤^i, 25 Zg Awa‡ek‡b Kv_wjK ag©wek¦vm ga¨¯’vb Ges `ЇgvPb mg‡Ü Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi Kiv nq| GB gnvmfv D‡jøL K‡i †h, gÐjxi cvc ÿgv Kivi c~Y© AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| GgbwK hviv g„Zz¨eiY K‡i ga¨¯’v‡b i‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i cvc‡gvPb n‡e hw` wek¦vmxeM©iv g„Zz¨e¨w³‡`i cv‡ci Rb¨ Z¨vM¯^xKvi I cÖv_©bv K‡ib|

mvay mvaŸx‡`i cÖwZK…wZ, ¯§„wZwP‡ýi cÖwZ fw³ cÖ`k©b wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq GB †Uª›U ag©gnvmfvq| ag©xq wm÷vi m¤cÖ`v‡qi wbqgvejx, Dcevm ivLv, Lvevi MÖnY, ce©xq w`em Drhvcb, mve©Rbxb gÐjxi Rb¨ ag©wkÿv, hvRK m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ cÖvnwiK cÖv_©bv cy¯ÍK Ges Lªxóhv‡M cy¯ÍK e¨envi mg‡Ü bvbvwea wewawb‡la I bZzb ms‡hvRb Kiv nq| †h mKj cy¯ÍK wek¦vm I ˆbwZKZvi Rb¨ ûgwK¯^iƒc Zv wPwýZ K‡i ev‡Rqvß Kivi wmavšÍ GB gnvmfvq M„wnZ nq| GQvovI ag©xq Dcvmbv ev Ab¨vb¨ Abyôvbvw`‡Z GKRb ag©xq ev cvw_©e ivóª`~‡Zi Ae¯’vb wK n‡e Zv ejv nq|

†Uª›U gnvmfvi b¨vq Avi †Kvb gnvmfv GZUv mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| GB mfvq ag©Z‡Ë¡i A‡bK¸‡jv welq mywbw`©ó K‡i wbiƒcY Kiv nq hv Av‡M KL‡bv Kiv nqwb Ges cvjKxq cwiPh©vi mKj †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ms¯‹v‡ii `vwe DÌvcb Kiv nq| gnvmfvi A‡bK¸‡jv `wjj we‡kl K‡i ag©gqZv AR©b Ges cwiÎvY jv‡f Ck¦i I gvby‡li mn‡hvMxZv welqK `wjj¸‡jv wQj `xN© wPšÍv-fvebvi dmj| Ab¨vb¨ `wjj¸‡jv wQj we‡klZ cÖ‡U÷¨v›Uev` we‡ivax| cvjKxq wmavšÍ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †mwgbvix cÖwZôvi Aby‡ivawU fvex gÐjxi Rb¨ my`~icÖmvix mydj e‡q Av‡b| †cvc 4_© wcD‡mi cybivq gnvmfv AvnŸvb gÐjxi Rb¨ GKwU Avkxe©v`¯^iƒc| hLb †cvc 4_© wcDm‡K Rvbv‡bv nq †h, GLbB GB gnvmfv mgvß Kivi DrK…ó mgq ZLb †cvc KvwW©bvj g‡iv‡b‡K cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e †Uª›U bMix‡Z †cÖiY K‡ib| KvwW©bvj g‡iv‡b †mLv‡b †kl Awa‡ek‡b Dcw¯’Z †_‡K gnvmfvi mdj mgvwß NUvb| †cvc 4_© wcDm GKwU †cvcxq c‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q gnvmfvq M„wnZ wmavšÍmg~n mwVK e‡j †NvlYv †`b Ges †m¸‡jv Aby‡gv`b K‡ib| 4Vv wW‡m¤^i 1563 Lªxóv‡ã gnvmfvq Dcw¯’Z wcZ…MYI 1545 Lªxóvã †_‡K M„wnZ mg¯Í wmavšÍ Aby‡gv`b K‡ib| †jv‡iB‡bi KvwW©bvj GMviwU nl©aŸwb Kivi ci AvMZ AwZw_e„›` Avb›`vkÖæi g‡a¨ G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ Avwj½b K‡i we`vq †bb|

K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi

1| Thomas, P.C.: General Councils of the Church, St. Pauls Press, Bangalore, 2000.

2| Tanner, Norman S.J: Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, v.2, Sheed and ward Georgetwon University Press, 1990.

3| Marietti, Mousignore: General History of the Christian Church from Establishment to the Eleventh Century, Catholic Orphan Press, Calautta, 1892.

4| The Catholic Encyclopedia, (2003)., v.14, s.v. ‘Trent, Council of’, by H. Jedin.

5| AvMwób, wR.: Lªxó-gÐjxi BwZnvm, mvay †hv‡md †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU Ad& wcÖw›Us, K…òbMi, 2005|

6| ‡Rb Kg‡e (Abyev`K- Kgj Gb K¯Ív): gÐjxi BwZnvm cwiwPwZ, RvZxq ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwkÿY †K›`ª, h‡kvi, 2001|

cÖ_g fvwUKvb gnvmfv (1869-1870)

wkwki †KvovBqv I †mvnvM ewbdvm Mvwej, wmGmwm

f~wgKv

Lªxó-gÊjx cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K wewfbœ mgm¨v, Lªx‡ói Hk I gvbexq ¯^fve, agx©q I ‰bwZK †PZbvi ms¯‹vi, gÊjxi msweavb cÖYqb I ms‡kvab, åvšÍ gZev‡`i cÖwZev`, ivóªxq ¶gZvi cÖ‡qvM, Lªxóxq `„wófw½‡Z wek¦v‡mi ¯^xK„wZ, ag©we‡”Q‡`i Aemvb, gÊjxi bevqb, ALªxóvb‡`i mv‡_ Ges Awek¦vmx‡`i mv‡_ gÊjxi bZzb m¤úK© ¯’vcb GB ai‡bi wewfbœ welq wb‡q LªxógÊjx‡Z 21wU gnvmfv AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g fvwUKvb gnvmfvwU 20Zg| 1869 Lªxóv‡ãi 8B wW‡m¤^i †cvc beg wcDm ÔcÖ_g fvwUKvb gnvmfvÕ AvnŸvb K‡ib| †iv‡g mvay wcZ‡ii MxR©vq gnvmfv Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| cÖvq 800 Rb KvwW©bvj, AvP©wekc, wekc, gVva¨¶ I Ab¨vb¨ ag©ms‡Ni cÖavbMY AskMÖnY K‡ib|

1g gnvmfvi c~‡e©i Ae¯’v

‡Uª›U gnvmfv mgvwß N‡U 1563 Lªxóv‡ã| cÖvq 300 eQi ci 1869 Lªxóv‡ã 20Zg gnvmfv fvwUKv‡b AbywôZ nq| c„w_exi BwZnv‡m GB wZbwU kZvãx‡Z N‡UwQj wKQz hyMvšÍKvix NUbv| divmx wecøe Ges Av‡gwiKvb wecøe †¯^”QvPvix ivRZ‡š¿i cZb NUvq| MYZvwš¿K miKvi BD‡iv‡ci me©Î Qwo‡q c‡o| BD‡iv‡ci g‡a¨ hvRK ‡kªYx we‡ivax Av‡›`vjbI Zxeª n‡q D‡V| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi wbKU †_‡K cvIqv mvgwiK mnvqZv wc‡q`g‡šÍi ivRv wf±i B¤§vby‡qj‡K BUvwji AwaKvsk AÂj‡K GKÎ K‡i wb‡R‡K 1861 Lªxóv‡ã †d¬v‡i‡Ý BUvwji ivRv †NvlYv Ki‡Z my‡hvM K‡i †`q| †cv‡ci GjvKvi AwaKvskUvB Zuvi nvZQvov n‡q hvq| divmx Kv_wjK‡`i gZvgZ we‡ePbv K‡i Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb †iv‡g I Gi cvk¦©eZx© ˆmb¨ †gvZv‡qb iv‡Lb| mevB ZLb †cvc beg wcD‡mi g„Zz¨i Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQ‡jb| hw`I GUv GKUv f~wg msµvšÍ welq wQj, ZeyI Ò‡iv‡gi mgm¨vwUÓ 1929 Lªxóvã ch©šÍ LªxógÊjxi Rxeb‡K wewl‡q †Zv‡j| ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Giƒc Djøvm †`‡L †cvc AvZw¼Z bv n‡q cv‡ib wb, †Kbbv Zv Zuvi Kv‡Q LªxógÊjx‡Z A‡bK Awb‡ôi KviY n‡e e‡j g‡b n‡qwQj| †cv‡ci RvMwZK ¶gZv i¶v Ki‡Z I mgvRZš¿x gZev`¸‡jvi weiæ‡× msMwVZ `j  Ki‡Z Kv_wjK‡`i wQj Awfbœ gZ| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z `k©bkvš¿ I weÁvb Lªxóag© Ges Kv_wjK ag© m¯ú‡K© †ekx cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡i| Ò‡iv‡gi mgm¨vÓ I †cvc beg wcD‡mi e¨w³Z¡ ag©wek¦vm I k„•Ljvi †¶‡Î †cv‡ci wbi¼zk KZ…©‡Z¡i mg_©‡bi AMÖMwZi c_ myMg K‡i †`q| †cvc beg wcDm 1864 Lªxóv‡ãi 8B wW‡m¤^i Zvwi‡L `ywU `wj‡j †mKv‡ji AbvPv‡ii weiæ‡× GKUv mywbw`©ó Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡ib| Quanta Cura bvgK Zuvi mve©Rbxb c‡Î wZwb Zuvi c~e©myix †cvc †MÖMixi cwׇZ hyw³ev`, M¨vwjKvwbRg, mgvRZš¿, D`vibxwZ cÖf„wZi wb›`v K‡ib| D³ mve©Rbxb cÎwUi m‡½ 10wU avivq 80wU Dcavivq wewfbœ gZev‡`i åvwšÍi wb›`v K‡ib| cÖavb 10wU avivi wb›`v wee„wZ¸‡jv nj:

                       1| m‡e©k¦iev`, cÖK…wZev` Ges cÖK…Z hyw³ev` m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ gZev‡`i wb›`v K‡ib (1-7)|

                       2| hyw³ev‡`i cÖkwgZ Kiv m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ gZev‡`i wb›`v K‡ib (8-14)|

                       3| ag© wel‡q D`vmxbZv, wbi‡c¶ev` Ges ag© m¤^‡Ü D`vibxwZi wb›`v K‡ib (15-18)|

                       4| GKwU Aby‡”Q` mgvRZš¿, mvg¨ev`, wd«‡gkbvix ev †Mvcb mgvR, evB‡ej †mvmvBwU, D`vicš’x hvRK mgv‡Ri wb›`v K‡ib |

                       5| gÐjx Ges Gi AwaKvi ev ¯^Z¡ m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ gZev‡`i wb›`v K‡ib (19-38)|

                       6| ivóª Ges gÛjxi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wb‡q åvšÍ gZev‡`i wb›`v K‡ib (39-55)|

                       7| cÖvK…wZK Ges Lªxóvb bxwZkv¯¿ª m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ gZev‡`i wb›`v K‡ib (56-64)|

                       8| Lªxwóªq weevn m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ gZev‡`i wb›`v K‡ib (65-74)|

                       9| †cvc‡`i cvw_©e ¶gZv m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ gZev‡`i wb›`v K‡ib (75-76)|

                      10| AvaywbK D`vibxwZ m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ gZev‡`i wb›`v K‡ib (77-80)|

me©‡kl wee„wZUv †MvUv AvaywbK mgvRUv‡K cÖZ¨vLvb Kivi Bw½Z †`q e‡j g‡b nq| G‡Z Av‡cvlnxb Kv_wjKiv Avb‡›` AvZ¥nviv nq| gÛjx we‡ivaxiv Pvcv nvwm nv‡m| D`vicš’x Kv_wjKiv- hviv g‡b KiwQj Zv‡`i MÖvn¨ Kiv nw”Qj bv -Zviv nZvkvMÖ¯’ nq| GB APjve¯’v †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi Dcvq wnmv‡e gwÝwbqi `ycvbj~c GKwU `wj‡j †cv‡ci cvw_©e ¶gZvq Zvui wek¦vm `„pZvi mv‡_ †NvlYv Ki‡j ci †cv‡ci e³‡e¨i GKUv MÖnY‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨v w`‡Z †Póv K‡ib| Zvui †`qv e¨vL¨v †cvc g‡nv`q †g‡b wb‡j †µva wKQzUv cÖkwgZ nq| AvaywbK RM‡Zi m‡½ LªxógÊjxi weiƒc m¯úK© I gÊjxi Af¨šÍ‡i bvbv ev`vbyev‡`i cwi‡cªw¶‡Z †cvc beg wcDm cÖ_g fvwUKvb gnvmfv WvKvi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib|

fvwUKvb gnvmfvi cÖ¯‘wZ

†cvc †lvok ‡MÖMix g„Zz¨i `yB mßvn c‡i 16B Ryb, 1846 Lªxóv‡ã beg wcDm †cvc c‡` wbev©wPZ nb| ZLb wZwb wQ‡jb gvÎ 54 eQ‡ii eqmx| Zvui wbev©P‡bi ci ciB wZwb KvwW©bvj‡`i cÖ¯Íve †`b mvaviY mfv WvKvi Rb¨| AwaKvsk KvwW©bvj Zvui cÖ¯Ív‡e ivwR wQ‡jb| wKš‘ BD‡iv‡ci ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y †cvc‡K 18 eQi A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Zvui cwiKíbv ev¯Í‡e cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨| 29†k Ryb (†cÖwiZ wkl¨ wcZi I c‡ji ce©) 1868 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc beg wcDm Ôkvk¦Z wcZvÕ bvgK Abykvmb cÎ cÖKvk K‡ib, kvk¦Z wcZv Ck¦i fvwUKvb gnvmfvi AvnŸvb K‡ib| 8B wW‡m¤^i, 1869 Lªxóv‡ã †iv‡g mvay wcZ‡ii MxR©vq mfvi ZvwiL avh© Kiv nq| wZwb gnvmfvi j¶¨ D‡Ïk¨mg~n e¨vL¨v K‡ib wb‡gœv³ K_vq cybivq Ò‡Uª›U gnvmfvi mgq n‡Z †h wek¦v‡m Avµgb Kiv n‡qwQj Zvi c~Y© e¨vL¨v `vb, hvRK Rxeb, Lªxóxq weevn, hyewk¶v Ges ivóª I gÊjxi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K© ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Ges me©‡k‡l kvwšÍ I DbœwZ Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi c_ Luy‡R cvq|Ó wekvj cwim‡i GB g›`Zv gÊjx‡K jyÚb K‡i‡Q; A‡bK mbœ¨vm ms‡Ni Aemvb NwU‡q‡Q, A‡bK ag©cvj‡K K‡i‡Q wbe©vwmZv e›`x, bvw¯ÍK wk¶vi cÖPjb K‡i‡Q| Avevi GB g›`ZvB A‡bK g›` I A‡kvfb eB‡qi cÖKvkbvq Aby‡gv`b hywM‡q‡Q Ges Hk gÊjxi aŸsmK‡í A‡bK †Mvcb ms‡Ni cÖwZôv mg_©b `vb Ki‡Q|Ó wZwb Zvui c‡Î wekcM‡Yi cÖwZ AvnŸvb K‡ib HK¨g‡Z, gÊjxi wm×všÍ †hb me wekcMY ¸i“Z¡ mnKv‡i MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui †jLvq wZwb Avkv †cvlY K‡ib †h wekcMY ‡ivg åg‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM-myweav †ij c‡_i ga¨ w`‡q cv‡e, hvi e¨e¯’v wZwb wb‡RB K‡i ivL‡eb| †cvcZ‡š¿i Rb¨ mgq wQj cÖwZK~j| †cvc K¨v_wjK gÊjxi cÖavb wQ‡jb bv, wKš‘ beg wcD‡mi mgqKv‡j wQj BZvwj, d«vÝ I Rvg©vbxi 38,000 nvRvi eM©gvBj Ry‡o| †h‡nZz BwZg‡a¨ d«vÝ, BZvwj Ges Rvg©vbx GKZš¿ kvmb cÖZ¨vLvb K‡iwQj, ZvB †cv‡ci kvm‡bi wei“‡× ¯^vaxbZv cvIqvi Rb¨ †cvcxq iv󪸇jv we‡`ªvn K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶, gnvmfv ïiæ Kivi c~‡e©B †ivg gÊjx kΓ‡`i Ke‡j c‡o|

gnvmfvq AskMÖnYKvix

gnvmfvi m~Pbv nq 1869 Lªxóv‡ã 8B wW‡m¤^i| gnvmfvq 744 Rb KvwW©bvj I wekc Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb | Zv‡`i g‡a¨ BZvwj †_‡K wQj 200 Rb| evKxiv G‡m‡Qb wewfbœ †`k †_‡K †hgb - Bsj¨vÊ †_‡K 12 Rb, A¨vqvij¨vÊ †_‡K 19 Rb, hy³ivóª †_‡K 46 Rb, Rvg©vwb †_‡K 20 Rb, Awóªqv †_‡K 58 Rb, †¯úb †_‡K 36 Rb, jvwZb Av‡gwiKv 30 Rb, Awi‡q›Uvj gÊjx¸‡jv †_‡K 50 Rb, Ges Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv Ges A‡óªwjqv †_‡K 100 Rb wgkbvix wekcMY Av‡mb| ‡cvc wb‡RB mfvcwZZ¡ I cwiPvjbv K‡ib gnvmfvi cÖviw¤¢K ce© I wZbwU Awa‡ekb-hv AbywôZ n‡q‡Q 1870 Lªxt 6B Rvbyqvix| hLb wZwb wb‡R Dcw¯’Z †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨K wek‡ci ag©wek¦v‡mi ¯^xKv‡ivw³ MÖnY K‡ib Ges 24 †k GwcÖj hLb hyw³ev`x‡`i wei“‡× wb‡`©kbvgv cªwYZ n‡qwQj Ges 18B Ryb hLb †cvcxq AåvšÍZvi wek¦vm ZË¡ wbiƒcb Kiv nq|

gnvmfvq Av‡jvP¨ welqmg~n

1g fvwUKvb gnvmfvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ j¶¨mg~n ¯úó I mywbw`©ó wQj bv, wKš‘ mK‡jB †f‡ewQj Awbevh© welq n‡e †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv wek` Ges mywbw`©ó Kiv| GK nvRv‡ii gZ Kvh©iZ ag©cv‡ji g‡a¨ 700 R‡bi GKUz †ekx ag©cvj gnvmfvq †hvM`vb K‡ib| gnvmfvq mgMÖ c„w_exi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wQj| wKš‘ †KejgvÎ BD‡ivcxq ag©cvjM‡Yi ×viv wewfbœ Kwgkb bvbvwea wel‡qi Dci wecyj msL¨K msw¶ßmvi cÖ¯‘Z K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK Ges mvgwiK cwiw¯’wZ gvÎ `yÕwU †¶‡Î mgMÖ Kg©KvÛ‡K mxwgZ †i‡LwQj| cÖ_g fvwUKvb gnvmfvq cÖavb `ywU Av‡jvP¨ welq wQj Dei Filius (Son of God) Ges Pastor Aeternus (The eternal shepherd) bvgK `ywU msweavb| AvaywbK åvšÍ wk¶v¸‡jv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Q Ges †cv‡ci AåvšÍZvi msÁv `vb K‡i‡Qb| Dei Filius ( The Son of God) kxl©K msweavbwU wQj gnvmfvq hyw³ I wek¦v‡mi g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i Dci my`xN© Avjvc- Av‡jvPbvi dmj| msweavbwUi Dci †fvUvfzwU nq 24†k GwcÖj, 1870 Lªxóv‡ã| hyw³ev`, m‡e©k¦iev` I fw³ev‡`i åvwšÍ¸‡jvi gy‡LvgywL n‡q gnvmfv GKe¨w³K Ck¦‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ †NvlYv K‡i hv‡K hyw³e‡j cvIqv hvq| GKB mgq gnvmfv Hk cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki Avek¨KZvi K_vI `„pZvi m‡½ †NvlYv K‡i| gnvmfvi g‡Z hyw³ I wekv¦‡mi g‡a¨ †Kvb we‡iva _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|

Dei Filius ( The Son of God) ev Ck¦icyÎ msweavb

1870 Lªxóv‡ã 24†k GwcÖ‡ji Dei Filius ( The Son of God) ev Ck¦icyÎ msweavb †_‡K †bqv K‡qKwU e¨vL¨v -

wb‡gœ fvwUKvb gnvmfvq Av‡jvwPZ K‡qKwU e¨vL¨v †`Iqv nj-

·         Òhw` †KD e‡j, Ck¦‡ii I mg¯Í e¯‘i mË¡v ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ GK I Awfbœ, waK& Zv‡K|

·         hw` †KD e‡j, Avgv‡`i m„wóKZ©v I cÖfz, GK mZ¨ Ck¦i‡K gvby‡li hyw³eyw× ¯^vfvweK Av‡jv‡K Zuvi Kvhv©ejxi gva¨‡g wbwðZfv‡e Rvbv hvq bv waK& Zv‡K|

·         hw` †KD e‡j, LªxógÊjx KZ©„K e¨vL¨vZ ag©ZË¡¸‡jv‡K LªxóvgÊjx G hver hv ey‡S‡Q Ges GLbI eyS‡Q weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZi d‡j Zvi †P‡q wfbœ GKwU A_© Kiv hvq, waK& Zv‡K|Ó 

gnvgvb¨  †cv‡ci AåvšÍZvi Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvq Avm‡jI GKwU msL¨vjNy Ask Gi we‡ivwaZvq G welqwU Avi Av‡jvwPZ nqwb| gnvmfvi wcZ…MY wecyj RqaŸwb I GK fqvbK So-SÅvi g‡a¨ cvói GZwibvm bvgK msweav‡bi Dci 1870 Lªxóv‡ã †fvU `vb K‡ib| g~jZt `wjjwU wQj †cv‡ci cÖvwaKvi I AåvšÍZvi wel‡q GKwU `„‡pvw³| GZUv kvwãK AwZićbi ci †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv‡K hyw³m¤§Z mylgZvq ch©ewmZ Kiv n‡qwQj|

gnvmfvq Av‡jvwPZ welq †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv m¤ú‡K© AskMÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ wØgZ wQj| we‡kl K‡i Rvg©vb Ges Av‡gwiKvb wekcMY †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv welqwU †g‡b wb‡Z Pvqwb| Av‡gwiKvb wKQz wekc fwelrØvYx K‡ib gÛjx‡Z we‡”Q` Avm‡e hw` †cv‡ci GB Af¨všÍZvi ZË¡wU GKwU ¯^xK…Z wek¦vm wn‡m‡e †Nvlbv †`qv nq wKš‘ G evYx mZ¨ nq wb| Ab¨w`‡K we‡k¦i AwaKvsk Kv_wjK GB †Nvlbvq Avbw›`Z nb| wKš‘ myBRvij¨vÛ Ges Rvgv©wbi wKQz HkZË¡we` wQ‡jb †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv welqwU †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i wb, GiB djkÖæwZ‡Z †mB me HkZË¡we`Mb gÛjx †_‡K wb‡R‡`i wewQbœ K‡i †bb Ges wb‡R‡`i ÒcyivZb Kv_wjKÓ e‡j cwiPq †`qv ïiæ K‡i| Zv‡`i †Kvb wekc bv _vKvq Zviv cieZx©‡Z D‡Uª‡Pi †Rb‡mb-wek¦vmx‡`i mv‡_ GKvZ¡Zv cÖKvk K‡ib| 

                                                                                        

1869 Lªxóv‡ãi 8B wW‡m¤^i †cvc wcDm cÖ_g fvwUKvb gnvmfv AvnŸvb K‡ib| †iv‡g mvay wcZ‡ii MxRv©q G gnvmfv AbywôZ nq| cÖvq 800 Rb KvwW©bvj, AvP© wekc, wekc, gVva¨ÿ I Ab¨vb¨ ag©ms‡Ni cÖavbMY G‡Z AskMÖnY K‡ib|

msweavb: `ywU cÖavb msweavb nj– -      1) ( Dei Filius) Ck¦‡ii cyÎ (The Son of God)

 2) (Pastor Aeternuy) kvk¦Z †glcvjK (The Eternal Shepherd)

 †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv

gnvmfvi g~j Kvh©µg

fvwUKvb gnvmfvi AwaKvsk Av‡jvP¨welq mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †cv‡ci AåvšÍZvi †NvvlYv wQj me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| A_P gnvmfvi ZK©v‡jvPbvq GwU †Kvb Kg©m~Px wn‡m‡e wQjbv| GB AåvšÍZvi ZË¡ mfvq DÌvcb Kiv nq, ZLb Av‡gwiKvb wKQz wekc AåšÍvZvi we‡ivaxZv K‡ib| wKš‘ d«vÝ I Rvg©vbx GB Z‡Ë¡i Rb¨ B”QzK wQ‡jb Zviv D³ wekc‡`i wek¦v‡mi Afve Av‡Q e‡j Awfhy³ K‡ib| BZvwji msev`cÎ, wmwfjZv AUªvwjKv, cÖKvk K‡i †h mfvi wekcM‡Yi DwPZ cweÎ AvZ¥vi K…cvk©x‡li Dc©hycwi avivq wm³ n‡q †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv wbiƒcb / msÁvwqZ Kiv| hviv Bnvi we‡ivaxZv K‡ib Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GwU myMfxi cÖfve ‡d‡j| AåvšÍZvi wkÿv cÖ¯Íve GB wQj †h †cvcMY n‡jb  msiwÿZ mg¯Í fzjåvwšÍi E‡a© hLb Zviv mgMÖ gÐjxi D‡Ï‡k¨ wek¦vm I ‰bwZK wel‡qi Dci †Kvb †NvlYv †`b | 500 Rb wekc GKwU wjwLZ Av‡e`bmc‡Î ¯^vÿi K‡ib beg wcDm‡K GB ZË¡wU ms¯‹i‡bi Aby‡iva Rvbvb, Ab¨w`‡K 136 Rb Gi weiæ‡× ¯^vÿi K‡ib| 1870 Lªxóv‡ã †g gv‡mi g‡a¨ GB Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivax‡`I msL¨v K‡g `uvovq 88 R‡b|  ZvB ZK©-weZK© Ae¨vnZ iBj Ges hviv we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj Zv‡`i msL¨v Ryb gv‡mi g‡a¨ AviI A‡bK Kgj| ZK©-wZ‡K©i mgvwß N‡U 4Vv RyjvB| 13B GwcÖj †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g cixÿv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b 451 Rb wekc Ònu¨vÓ †fvU w`‡q‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K 88 Rb ÒbvÓ †fvU w`‡q‡Qb| 76 Rb wekc †fvU †`bwb|

Ae‡k‡l P~ovšÍ †fv‡Ui Rb¨ 18B RyjvB ZvwiL wba©viY Kiv nj| H w`b 537 Rb wekc mvay wcZ‡ii cÖvmv‡` mfvq mg‡eZ n‡jb HwZnvwmK Awa‡ekbmwUi Rb¨ beg wcDm H mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib| hLb AåvšÍZvi e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ †fvU MÖnY Kiv nq ZLb 535 Rb c‡ÿ Ges 2 †fvU Gi weiæ‡× †fvU `vb K‡ib| H  Awa‡ek‡b 88 Rb  wekc †hvM`vb K‡ibwb| hLb †cvc AåšÍZvZË¡ m~Î cowQ‡jb, †h 2 Rb Gi weiæ‡× †fvU w`‡qwQj Zviv ZLb †cv‡ci wmsnvm‡bi mvg‡b G‡m bZRvby n‡q e‡jb, Ò c~Y¨ wcZv, AvgivI GLb wek¦vm KwiÓ| c‡i welqm~wP wQj gvÐjxK wbqgKvby‡bi Dci M‡elYv | wKš‘ G welq hZLb ch©šÍ Av‡jvPbv P‡jwQj 20 †k †m‡Þ¤^i GKwÎK…Z BZvwji ‰mb¨`j †ivgbMi `Lj K‡i ‡bq| Hw`b ‡cvc beg wcDm fvwUKvb gnvmfv Awbw`©ó wn‡m‡e g~jZex †NvlYv K‡ib| Avi KL‡bv Zvi cybtmgv‡ek N‡Uwb| wekc we‡klZ Av‡gwiKvb wKQz wekc fwel¨ØvYx K‡ib gÐjx‡Z we‡”Q` Avm‡e hw` †cv‡ci GB AåvšÍZvi ZË¡wU GKwU myBRvij¨vÐ I Rvg©wb GK`j HkZË¡we` wQ‡jb hviv gÐjxi GB wkÿv MÖnY K‡ibwb eis gÐjx Z¨vM K‡ib nviv wb‡R‡`I Òcyivb K¨v_wjKÓ e‡j cwiPq †`b| †h‡nZz hvRK‡`i Awf‡lK `v‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`I g‡a¨ †Kvb wekc wQ‡jb bv, ZvB Zviv kxNªB D‡Uª‡Pi †Rb‡mb-wek¦vmev`x‡`i `‡j wf‡o cÖ‡Uóv›U n‡q hvb|

gnvmfv g~jZexKiY

1870 Lªxóv‡ãi 19 †k RyjvB d«vÝ I Rvgv©bxi g‡a¨ hy× †NvwlZ nq| Z„Zxq †b‡cvwjqvb †ivg †_‡K Zvi ‰mb¨`j cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i ‡bq| D³ †mbv`j †cvc‡K iÿvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wQj| 4Vv †m‡Þ¤^i †b‡cvwjqvb ÿgZvPzZ¨ nb| 20‡k †m‡Þ¤^i BZvwjq †mbv`j ‡ivg `Lj K‡i| GB †ivgB cieZ©x‡Z n‡q D‡V BZvwj iv‡R¨i ivRavbx| gnvmfvi gyjZex †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges c‡i Avi WvKv nqwb|

gnvmfvi djvdj

gnvmfvi wm×všÍ mg~n mvwe©Kfv‡e M„nxZ nq| GKgvÎ hviv Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡iwQj, Zviv wQj wgDwb‡Ki Wwj½vi‡K wN‡i Rvgv©bx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi K‡qKRb wkÿK| Zv‡`i †KD †KD GKwU cÖvPxb Kv_jxK gÐjx MVb K‡i hvi m`m¨ msL¨v A‡bK mxwgZ| Giv AwP‡iB BD‡Uª‡Ui Rvb‡mbcš’x gÐjxi m‡½ hy³ n‡q hvq| cÖ_g fvwUKvb gnvmfvq fvimvg¨nxbZv †eva †i‡L hvq| mí mg‡qi g‡a¨ gnvmfv †cvc m¤ú‡©K Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i e‡U, wKšÍy ag©cv‡ji m¤^‡Ü Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Aek¨ ag©cv‡ji c` m¤úwK©Z ag©wkÿvi mgq ZL‡bv nqwb| GB mgq AfveUv †eva nq wQj AeavwiZ| †kl ch©šÍ †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv welqK Dchy³ e¨vL¨v`v‡bi djvdj `uvwo‡q‡Q †cv‡ci cÖvwaKvi djvd‡ji †P‡q A‡bK Kg| h_v©_fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j ‡cvc Zuvi AåvšÍZvi cÖ‡qvM K‡iwQj 1950 Lªxóv‡ã Kzgvix gvixqvi ¯^M©‡bœvqb m¤ú©‡K ب_©nxb †NvlYv `v‡bi mgq| cÿvšÍ‡i ‡cv‡ci cÖvwaKvi ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z wM‡q gnvmfv †cvc‡K ÕmgMÖ gÐjxiÕ Dci mvaviY, cÖZ¨ÿ I ag©cv‡ji GLwZqvi cÖ`vb K‡i| ‡cv‡ci cÖvwaKvi †ivg  †Kw›`ªK ÿgZvi †K›`ªvq‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †`q I  †cvcZš¿ †hKv‡j Zvi cvw_©e ÿgZv nvwi‡q ‡d‡jwQj, †mB mgq Zvi ghv©`v I kw³ e„w× K‡iwQj| ag©cv‡ji ÿgZvi m‡½ GB cÖvwaK†ii m¤^bq Kivi KvR ZLbI evKx wQj| ag©cvjM‡Yi msNe×Zvi ¯^xK…wZi Rb¨ wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfv ch©šÍ A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq| cÖ_g fvwUKvb gnvmfv e¨vL¨v My‡jv mgq mgq ivR‰bwZK mgvR I gÐjxi g‡a¨ Uvbv‡cvob e„w× K‡i| Avi GUvB wewfbœ †`‡k hvRK we‡ivax e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi c‡ÿ ARynvZi~‡c KvR K‡i|

Dcmsnvi

gnvmfvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ welq Rbg‡b A¯úó wQj| Zv‡`i aviYv Awbevh© welq n‡e †cv‡ci AåvšÍZv wek` I mywbw`©ó Kiv| Kvh©gnvmfvq GKnvRvi ag©cvj Dcw¯’Z _vKvi K_v _vK‡jI †mLv‡b mvZkZ ag©cvj Dcw¯’Z wQj| GQviv wewfbœ †`‡ki cÖwZwbwa wQj| wWB wdwjDm kxl©K msweavbwU wQj gnvmfvq hyw³ I wek¦v‡mi ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡Ki Dci my`xN© Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi dmj| 1870 Lªxóv‡ã 24 †k GwcÖj msweavbwUi Dci †fvUvfzwU nq | hyw³ev`, m‡e©k¦iev` I fw³ev‡`I åwšÍ¸‡jvi gy‡LvgywL n‡q gnvmfv GKe¨w³K Ck¦‡I Aw¯ÍZ¡ †NvlYv K‡i huv‡K hyw³e‡j cvIqv hvq, GKB mg‡q gnvmfv Hk cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki Aek¨KZvi K_vi `„pZvi m‡½ †NvlYv K‡i| gnvmfvi g‡Z hyw³I wek¦v‡mi g‡a¨ †Kvb we‡iva _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|

mnvqK MÖš’mg~n

1| New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2003, v.14, s.v. “Vatican Council” by J.J. Hennesey.

2| Thomas.P., “General Councils of the Church”, St. Paul Press, Bombay, 1993.

3| AvMwób, dv: wR Ges G›Ub myeªZ gÐj ( Abyev`K) : Lªxó-gÐjxi BwZnvm, mvay †hv‡md †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU Ad& wcÖ›Us †cÖm, b`xqv, 2005 Lªxóvã|

4| Kg‡e †Rb: gÐjxi BwZnvm cwiwPwZ, K¯Ív Gb Kgj (Abyev`K), RvZxq ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwkÿY †K›`ª. h‡kvi, 2001 Lªxóvã|

wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfv (1962 Lªxóvã)

Zzlvi †Rwfqvi K¯Ív I my‡ik wW. wcDixwd‡Kkb

wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfv LªxógÐjxi mviv we‡k¦i Rb¨ cweÎ AvZ¥vi GKwU we‡kl `vb| LªxógÐjxi BwZnv‡m ‡hmKj gnvmfv AbywôZ nq Zvi g‡a¨ GB mfvwU mgmvgwqK hy‡M AbywôZ nq| wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi Av‡M 1563 Lªxóv‡ã †Uª›U gnvmfvi ci 400 eQi c„w_exi wPšÍvaviv A‡bK wKQz e`‡j hvq| gnvgvb¨ †cvc ·qvwesk †hvnb fvwUKv‡b mvay wcZ‡ii gnvgw›`‡i wØZxqev‡ii gZ GB 1962 mv‡ji 11B A‡±vei GB gnvmfvwU ïiæ K‡ib Ges †cvc 6ô cj wØZxq, Z…Zxq I PZz_© Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbv K‡i wZwb  1965 mv‡ji 8 wW‡m¤^i GB mfvi mgvwß K‡ib| GB gnvmfvi wcQ‡b g~jZ †cvc ·qvwesk †hvn‡bi Ae`vb wQj A‡bK †ekx| GB gnvmfvq wcZ…MY KZ©„K iwPZ I †cvc g‡nv`‡qi Aby‡gv`‡b 16wU `wjj cÖKvk Kiv nq| GB `wjj ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PviwU msweavb, bqwU wb‡`k©bvgv I wZbwU †NvlYv cÎ i‡q‡Q hv Lªxó I gÐjxi wPišÍb wkÿvi wPimZ¨‡K eRvq ‡i‡L AvaywbK hy‡Mi Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi wkÿv Kv_wjK gÐjx‡Z Lªxóf³‡`i AviI D`vi I cweÎ n‡Z, Lªx‡ói evYxcÖPvi Ki‡Z, Ab¨a‡g©i †jvK‡`i mv‡_ msjvc Ki‡Z Ges mK‡ji mn‡hvwMZvq †cÖg b¨vh¨vZv I kvwšÍc~Y© Hk¦ivR¨ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Aby‡cÖiYv w`‡q‡Q| GB wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi wkÿvi Av‡jv‡ZB evsjv‡`‡ki Kv_wjK gÐjxi wekcMY Zv‡`i cvjKxq cwiKíbv K‡ib Ges Lªxówek¦v‡mi c‡_ f³Rb‡`i cwiPvwjZ K‡ib|

evsjv‡`k †_‡K †hvM`vbKvix wekcMY

wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvq evsjv‡`k †_‡K cvuPRb wekc †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| Ô†hvM`vbKvix wekcMY n‡jb AvP©wekc j‡iÝ wjI †MÖBbvi, AvP©wekc w_‡qv‡Uvwbqvm Agj Mv½yjx, wekc I‡eZ©, wekc `v‡šÍ evËvwj‡qwib Ges wekc †ig&W jv‡ivR|Õ[4] GwU wQj evsjv‡`k gÐjxi Rb¨ Avwke©v` ¯^iƒc| wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi 16wU `wj‡ji cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z evsjv‡`k- gÐjx wewfbœ cwiKíbv I c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| we‡klfv‡e Dcvmbvq †`kxqKiY, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM, Ab¨ ag©vej¦x`‡i mv‡_ my¤úK© ¯’vc‡b AvšÍag©xq msjvc, evYx cÖPvi I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q bZzb bZzb wPšÍvaviv Av‡bvqb K‡ib|

gnvmfvi D‡Ïk¨ I Av‡jvP¨ welq

wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi wcQ‡b GK gnvb D‡Ïk¨ LªxógÛjx I gÐjxi wkÿvi wPimZ¨‡K eRvq †i‡L †mme eZ©gvb‡K hy‡Mi Dc‡hvMx Kiv I bZzbfv‡e AvaywbK c„w_exi mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv| AviI GKwU D‡Ïk¨ wQj Lªxwóq GKZv Av‡bvqb Kiv| 1959 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc ·qvwesk †hvnb  wb‡Ri AšÍ‡i A‡bK Avkv wb‡q e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔfvwUKvb gnvmfv n‡e gÐjxi Rb¨ bZzb cÂvkËgxi ïiæÕ| gÐjx‡Z GB gnvmfv‡Z Av‡jvPbv welq wQj cwieZ©bkxj c„w_ex‡Z gÐjxi f~wgKv, gÐjx I c„w_exi m¤úK©, Dcvmbv, gvby‡l gvby‡l m¤úK© BZ¨vw`| `wjjwU mivmwi c„w_exi D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq hv `wjjwU‡K AmvaviY K‡i †Zv‡j| †cvcg‡nv`‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ I `kwU Kwgk‡bi mnvqZv, Av‡jvPbv I Kv‡Ri ga¨w`‡q gnvmfv AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i| GB gnvmfvq †gvU 16wU  `wjj  iwPZ nq, Gi  g‡a¨ PviwU msweavb, wZbwU †NvlYv cΠ wb‡¤œ  Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi

`wjjmg~n

	j¨vwUb fvlvq wk‡ivbvg	mswÿß wPü	evsjv fvlvq wk‡ivbvg
	Constitution Sacrosantum Comcilum	S.C	msweavb 1| cyY¨ Dcvmbv welqK msweavb
	Lumen Gentium	L.G.	2| LªxógÐjx welqK msweavb
	Dei Verbum	D.V.	3| Hk¦ cÖZ¨v‡`k welqK msweavb
	Gaudium et Spes	G.S.	4| eZ©gvb RM‡Z LªxógÐjx welqK cvjKxq msweavb
	Decree Inter Mirifica	I.M.	wb‡`©kbvgv 1|  mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM-gva¨g welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Orientalium Ecclesiarum	O.E	2|  Kv_wjK cÖvP¨ gÐjx welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Unitatis Redintegratio	U.R	3|  Lªxwóq HK¨- cÖ‡Póv welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Christus Dominus	C.D.	4|  gÐjx‡Z wekc‡`i cvjKxq Kvh©vejx welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Perfectae Caritatis	P.C.	5| mbœ¨vm-Rxe‡bi mg‡qvc‡hvMx bevqb welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Optatam Totius	O.T.	6|  hvRKxq MVb welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Apostolicam  Actuositatem	A.A.	7|  f³mvavi‡Yi ˆcªwiwZK KvR welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Ad Gentes	A.G.	8|  gÐjxi †cÖiYKvh© welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Presbyterorum Ordinis	P.O.	9|  hvRK‡`i †mevKvR I Rxeb welqK wb‡`©kbvgv
	Declaration Gravissium Educationis	G.E.	‡NvlYv cÎ 1| Lªxwóq wkÿv welqK †NvlYv cÎ
	Nostra Aetate	N.A.	2| ALªxóvb ag©mg~‡ni mg~‡ni mv‡_ gÐjx m¤úK© welqK †NvlYv cÎ
	Dignitatis Humanae	D. H.	3| agx©q ¯^vaxbZv welqK †NvlYv cÎ

msweavb

1| cyY¨ Dcvmbv welqK msweavb: cyY¨ Dcvmbvi welqK msweavbwU wØZxq fvwUKvb mnvmfvi `wjj ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi Av‡M Dcvmbvi ‡ÿ‡Î cÖej Av‡›`vjb PjwQj BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jv‡Z I Av‡gwiKv‡Z hv Dcvmbvi wKQz cwieZ©b, ms‡kvab I ms‡hvR‡bi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl f~wgKv †i‡LwQj| 1962 mv‡ji 22 A‡±vei †_‡K 13 b‡f¤^i cÖ¯ÍvweZ cvÛzwjwc wb‡q 328 evi †gŠwLKfv‡e wewfbœ cÖkœ, gšÍe¨ I cÖ¯Íve ivLv nq| b‡f¤^i gv‡m 2,162 Rb wcZ…MY cÖ¯ÍvweZ cvÛywjwcwUi c‡ÿ ivq †`b Ges wec‡ÿ ivq †`b gvÎ 46 Rb, ZvB cÖ¯ÍvewU bxwZMZfv‡e M„wnZ nq| 1962 Lªxóv‡ã A‡±vei gÐjxi KY©avi iƒ‡c GB cvÛzwjwcwU `wjj iƒ‡c †Nvlbv K‡ib| GB `wjjwU †NvlYvi ci Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Kv_wjK Lªxóf³MY Av‡iv A_©c~Y©fv‡e, mg‡eZfv‡e, Lªxóhv‡M AskMÖnY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| ag©cjøx ch©v‡qI GB msweavbwU e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡bwQj| Lªxóf³‡`i GK wecyj msL¨vMwiô Ask GB bZzb Dcvmbv‡K †eva¨Mg¨ I mwZ¨Kvifv‡e mnvqKfv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| GB Dcvmbv `wj‡j †gvU 7wU Aa¨vq Ges 130 wU Aby‡”Q` i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q- cyY¨ Dcvmbvi cÖK…wZ I gÛjxi Rxe‡b Gi ¸iæZ¡, wØZxq Aa¨v‡q- Lªxóhv‡Mi cyY¨Zg inm¨, Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q- Ab¨vb¨ ms¯‹vi I Dcms¯‹vivw`, PZz_© Aa¨v‡q- cÖvnwiK cÖv_©bv, cÂg Aa¨v‡q- Dcvmbv  el©, lô Aa¨v‡q- cyY¨m½xZ I mßg Aa¨v‡q- cyY¨ PviæKjv I cyY¨ mvRmR¡v wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

2| LªxógÐjx welqK msweavb: wesk kZvwãi mgq‡K gÐjxi kZvãx ejv nq| gÐjx‡Z †h mKj Af¨šÍixb I ewn©gyLx msMVb i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv gÐjxi ¯^iƒc I KvVv‡gv m¤ú©‡K Mfxifv‡e Aa¨qb K‡i Avm‡Q| 1959 Lªxóv‡ã †cvc ·qvwesk †hvnb hLb mve©Rbxb gnvmfv AvneŸv‡bi †Nvlbv †`b ZLb †_‡K mK‡j Abygvb K‡ib †h gnvmfvq LªxógÐjx welqwU ¯’vb cv‡e| GB `wjjwU n‡”Q wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfv KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ ag©wek¦vm msµvšÍ †gvU `y‡Uv `wj‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU, AciwU n‡”Q ÒHk¦cÖKvkÓ| 1964 mv‡ji 21 b‡f¤^i 2,151 Rb wcZ…M‡Yi m¤§wZµ‡g `wjjwU M„wnZ nq Ges msweavbwU Aby‡gv`‡bi ci †cvc 6ô cj Zv cÖeZ©b K‡ib| GB msweavbwUi w`K`kb© n‡”Q cvjKxq, Lªxó‡Kw›`ªK, evB‡ejag©x, HwZnvwmK Ges AwšÍgKvjgyLx| g~jZ GB msweav‡b gÐjxi inm¨‡K Ck¦i I gvby‡li g‡a¨Kvi wgjb-in‡m¨i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Aa¨v‡qi g~j welq n‡”Q ag©wek¦vm I  ag©cvj m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q ag©cvj hvRKxq f~wgKv I ms¯‹vixq Awf‡l‡Ki ¸‡YB Zvui ÿgZv jvf K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ wbw`©ó ag©cÖ‡`‡k Zuvi wb‡qv‡Mi d‡j †m ÿgZv jvf K‡iwb| `wjjwU‡Z †gvU 8 wU Aa¨vq i‡q‡Q Ges 69 wU Aby‡”Q` Av‡Q| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q- LªxógÐjxi inm¨, wØZxq Aa¨v‡q- ci‡gk¦‡ii RbMY, Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q- gÐjxi cÖkvmb, PZz_© Aa¨v‡q- f³RbmvaviY,  cÂg Aa¨v‡q- gÐjx‡Z cweÎ nIqvi AvneŸvb, lô Aa¨v‡q- mbœ¨vmRxeb, mßg Aa¨v‡q- A‡jŠwKK gÐjxi w`‡K Zx_©hvÎx gÐjx, Aóg Aa¨v‡q- LªxóI gÐjxi in‡m¨ Ck¦i-Rbbx Kzgvix gvixqvi f~wgKv BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 

3| Hk¦ cÖZ¨v‡`k welqK msweavb: LªxógÐjx welqK msweavbwUi gZ AviI GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msweavb nj Hk¦ cÖZ¨v‡`k welqK msweavb| GwU wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wfw³kxj `wjj| GB `wjjwU iPbv Kv‡j †ekwKQz bvUKxqZv m„wó n‡qwQj| ag©ZvwZ¡K cwil‡`i GKwU Lmov cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b DÌvcb Kivi ci Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv Rvbv‡bv nq, c‡i †fvU MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †mUv‡K †diZ cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ †Rvi †`Iqv nq| †cvc ·qvwesk †hvnb `wjjwU bZzb K‡i †jLvi Rb¨ AvneŸvb K‡ib| Hk¦ cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki g~j Drm nj evB‡ej I HwZn¨| 1964 mv‡ji Z…Zxq Awa‡ek‡b Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ GB  welqwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| gnvmfvi wcZ…M‡Yi ms‡kvab, cwieZ©b cÖYq‡Yi gva¨‡g `wjjwU P~ovšÍ Kiv nq| GB `wjjwUi cÖavb welq e¯‘ nj cÖZ¨v‡`k hv gvby‡li Kv‡Q Ck¦i‡ii wb‡Ri cÖKvk I Zuvi B”Qv I D‡Ï‡k¨i cÖKvk| GB msweav‡b †gvU 6 wU Aa¨vq i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q- Hk¦cÖZ¨v‡`k, wØZxq Aa¨v‡q- Hk¦ cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki n¯ÍvšÍi, Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q- Hk¦Aby‡cÖiYv I kv¯¿ e¨vL¨v, PZz_© Aa¨v‡q cyivZb mwÜ, cÂg Aa¨v‡q- bZzb mwÜ I lô Aa¨v‡q gÐjxi Rxe‡b cweÎ kv¯¿| cÖ_g I wØZxq Aa¨v‡q cwiÎvY mg„‡× m¤ú~Y© Lªxwóq wkÿvi ‡ÿ‡Î evB‡e‡ji ¯’vb wb‡`©k K‡i|  GQvov wekvm, HwZn¨, evB‡ej, cÖwkÿK gÐjxi mv‡_ mgš^q mvab I kv¯¿ cv‡Vi Rb¨ Drmvn `v‡bi K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q|

4| eZ©gvb RM‡Z LªxógÐjx welqK cvjKxq msweavb: wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvq eZ©gvb RM‡Z LªxógÐjx cvjKxq msweavbwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msweavb wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q| G `wjjwU Kv_wjK gÐjxi wPšÍvfvebvi mgwš^Z cÖKvk hv wewfbœ †jLK‡`i †jLbx, we‡klfv‡e ·qv`k wjI †_‡K lô cj ch©šÍ †cvcMY mvgvwRK wel‡q Zuv‡`i wewfbœ wee„wZ‡Z cÖKvk cvq| 1962 mv‡ji 4 wW‡m¤^i cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡bi ¯úxKvi KvwW©bvj wjqb †hv‡ld Gi Kv‡Q welqwU DÌvcb Kiv nq| msweavb cÖYq‡Yi wcQ‡b wcZ…M‡Yi B”Qv wK wQj Zv A‡bK Av‡jvPbv ci G `wjjwU wZbwU  msweav‡bi gZB  GK mvwi‡Z ¯’vb jvf K‡i| ÔeZ©gvb RM‡Z LªxógÐjxi `wjj n‡jv gnvmfvi GKwU AmvaviY `xN© `wjj|Õ[5] GB mswavbwU‡Z †gvU 5wU Aa¨vq I 92wU Aby‡”Q` i‡q‡Q| `wjjwUi cÖ_g PviwU Aa¨v‡q gÐjxi †gŠwjK wkÿvi wewfbœ w`KMy‡jv evievi cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb RM‡Z LªxógÐjxi P~ovšÍ LmovwU ‡cvc ·qvwesk †hvn‡bi mve©Rbxb cÎ †_‡K MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB msweavbwU `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g fv‡M nj ÔgÐjx I gvby‡li AvneŸvbÕ A_©vr gvbe e¨w³i gh©v`v, wek¦Ry‡o gvby‡li KvRKg©, eZ©gvb we‡k¦ gÐjxi f~wgKv gvbeRvwZi mgvR, wØZxq fv‡M K‡qKwU we‡kl Riæix mgm¨v wb‡q Avjvc †hgb- weevn I cwiev‡ii gh©v`v, ms¯‹…wZi h_vh_ Dbœqb, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Rxeb, ivóxq mgvR Rxeb, kvwšÍ weavb Kiv I RvwZmg~‡ni mgvR DbœZi Kiv BZ¨vw` welq ¸‡jv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wb‡`©kbvgv

gÐjx‡Z wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfv GKwU AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gnvmfv e‡j AwfwnZ| A‡bK¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wb‡q GB gnvmfv Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GLv‡b 9wU wb‡`©kbvgvi D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nj:

1) mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM-gva¨g welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (I.M.), (4 wW‡m¤^i 1963 Lªxóvã)

Ck¦i wb‡RB †hvMv‡hvMgq hvi c~Y© cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zuvi cy‡Îi †`navi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q| ÒCk¦i RMr‡K GZB fvj‡e‡m‡Qb †h, Zuvi GKgvÎ cy·K wZwb `vb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb, hv‡Z †h †KD Zuv‡K wek¦vm K‡i, Zv‡`i Kv‡iv webvk bv nqÓ (†hvnb 3:16)|   gvbe g‡bi cÖmviZv I mg„w× mva‡b Ges HkivR¨ we¯Ívi I my`„pKi‡Y mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g Ab¨Zg| Ck¦‡ii mvnv‡h¨ gvbe cÖwZfv, m„ó-e¯‘ †_‡K we¯§qKi KvwiMix Kjv‡KŠkj D™¢veb gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Q my`~i cÖmvix wPšÍv-fvebv, Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q iæ× Øvi| †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g¸‡jv nj msev`cÎ, Pjw”Î, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkbmn Ab¨vb¨ gva¨g hv wek¦‡K G‡b w`‡q‡Q nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| wKš‘ gÐjx DwØMœ GB Rb¨B †h, gvbyl m„wóKZ©vi cwiKíbv we‡ivax Kv‡R I wb‡Ri Awbó mva‡b Gme gva¨g‡KI e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g¸‡jvi Øviv m„ó cÖavb cÖavb mgm¨vejxi mgvavb‡K wb‡Ri GKwU KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b K‡i GB wb‡`©kbvgv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wel‡q gÐjxi wkÿv nj - ˆbwZK Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, Lªxóf³‡`i MV‡b mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM, Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© bxwZwb‡`©k, ˆbwZK g›`Zvi wel‡q wewaweavb, RbgZ MVb, cÖPvi I †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g e¨env‡i `vwqZ¡Ávb| GQvovI ejv nq RbM‡bi I hvRK‡`i cvjKxq Kvh©, Kv_wjK msev`cÎ, †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY wb‡Z n‡e|

2) Kv_wjK cªvP¨ gÐjx welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (O.E.), (21 b‡f¤^i 1964 Lªxóvã)

ci¤úivMZ wkÿv, HwZn¨, wek¦vm, ms¯‹vivw`, Dcvmbv, ixwZ-bxwZ GB meB Kv_wjK gÐjx AZ¨šÍ mš§v‡bi †Pv‡L †`‡L KviY G¸‡jv Hk cÖKvwkZ I mve©Rbxb gÐjxi Awe‡”Q`¨ DËivwaKv‡ii Ask¯^iƒc hv wcZ…M‡Yi gva¨‡g †cÖwiZ wkl¨‡`i KvQ †_‡K G‡m‡Q| GB wb‡`©kbvgvi g~j welq n‡”Q Kv_wjK gÐjx I wew”Qbœ cÖvP¨ gÐjxmg~n †hb cyY¨gqx Hk-gvZvi mnvqZvq ÒmevB GK nqÓ| †ivgxq‡`i Kv‡Q c‡Î 12: 10 c‡` ejv n‡q‡Q ÒåvZ…‡cÖg †hb †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ Mfxi †mœneÜb M‡o †Zv‡j| †Zvgiv G‡K Ab¨‡K †ekx mš§v‡bi †hvM¨ e‡jB g‡b Ki|Ó GB wb‡`©kbvgvq †h mg¯Í welq mg‡Ü ejv n‡q‡Q Zv nj- wewfbœ ag©vbyôvb c×wZ mgvb gh©v`v m¤úbœ, wewfbœ Dcvmbv welqK wkÿv, cÖvP¨ c¨vwUªqvK©e„›`, ms¯‹vivw` m¤ú‡K© wkÿv I Hk Dcvmbv |

3) Lªxóxq HK¨ cÖ‡Póv welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (U.R.), (21 b‡f¤^i 1964 Lªxóvã)

Lªxóxq HK¨ cÖ‡Póv welqK wb‡`©kbvgvq ejv n‡q‡Q Lªxóvb‡`i Ava¨vwZ¥K g½j I Avb‡›`i Rb¨B bq eis eZ©gvbKv‡j wek¦e¨vcx †jv‡Kiv †h GKZvi cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Q †mB GKZv AvbqbK‡í cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ wew”Qbœ m¤cÖ`vqmg~n‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv|  †cÖwiZ`~‡Ziv hv wKQz Dc‡`k w`‡Zb, mK‡j Zv wbôvi m‡½B ïbZ; Zviv wg‡j wg‡kB Rxeb hvcb KiZÓ (wkl¨PwiZ 2:42)| Lªx‡ói Abymvix wn‡m‡e GB wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi Av‡jvP¨ welq wQj mg¯Í Lªxóf³‡`i g‡a¨ GKZv cybtcÖwZôv Kiv †Kbbv LªxógÐjx nj mve©Rbxb Ges hv‡K †cÖiY Kiv n‡q‡Q mgMÖ c„w_ex‡Z †hb mgMÖ c„w_ex Ck¦‡ii †MŠiev‡_© g½jevZ©v MÖnY K‡i Ges cwiÎvY cÖvß nq| LªxógÐjxi HK¨ I GKZv, wew”Qbœ gÐjx¸‡jvi mv‡_ Kv_wjK gÐjxi m¤úK©, Lªxóxq HK¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi Zvrch© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges wb‡`©kbv `vb K‡i| GQvovI Lªxóxq HK¨ cÖwZôvq cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki KZ©e¨, gÐjxi bevqb Kvh©mg~n, ü`qg‡bi cwieZ©b, cÖv_©bvq GKZvi kw³, Kv_wjK ag©wek¦vm e¨³ Kivi ixwZ-bxwZ I mKj Lªxóf‡³i g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb GB wb‡`©kbvgvwU‡Z D‡jøL K‡ib|

4) gÐjx‡Z wekc‡`i cvjKxq Kvh©vejx welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (C.D.), (28 A‡±vei 1965 Lªxóvã)

gÐjx‡Z mvay wcZ‡ii DËivwaKvix wnmv‡e †ivgxq ag©vaÿ‡K Ck¦i cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb AvZ¥vi †mevq m‡ev©”P, c~Y©, cÖZ¨ÿ I mve©Rbxb ÿgZv; Zuvi DciB Lªxó w`‡q‡Qb Zuvi †gl‡`i ZË¡veav‡bi fvi †Zgwb fv‡e AvZ¥vi cvjK wn‡m‡e †cÖwiZ wkl¨‡`i ¯’vb †bevi Rb¨B wekcMY cweÎ AvZ¥v KZ©…K wbhy³ n‡q‡Qb| †cv‡ci m‡½ I Zuvi KZ…©‡Z¡i Aax‡b †_‡K AbšÍKvjxb cvjK Lªx‡ói KvR‡K wPi¯’vqx Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q †hb GB c„w_ex‡Z wcZvi †MŠie Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges ÒLªx‡ó †mB †`nwU M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡ibÓ (G‡d 4:12)| GB cyY¨ gnvmfv wekc‡`i cvjKxq Kvh©vejx‡K mwVKfv‡e wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í Abykvmb¸‡jv cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb Zv nj- mve©Rbxb gÐjx‡Z wekc‡`i f~wgKv, wekc I ˆcªwiwZK Avmb, ag©cÖ‡`kxq wekcMY, ag©cÖ‡`‡ki mxgvbv, ¯’vbxq gÐjx¸‡jvi mvaviY g½‡ji Rb¨ wekc‡`i mn‡hvwMZv †hgb, ag©mfv, gnvmfv I wekc-mwš§jbx, gvÐjxK ag©cÖ‡`‡ki mxgvbv Ges gvÐjxK GjvKv ¯’vcb, wek‡ci AvšÍtag©cÖ‡`kxq `vwqZ¡ cvjb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| 

5) mbœ¨vm-Rxe‡bi mg‡qvc‡hvMx bevqb welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (P.C.), (28 A‡±vei 1965 Lªxóvã)

Hk ¸iæi wkÿv I Rxebv`k© AbymiY, g½jevYxi mygš¿Yv Abyhvqx msNe× Rxeb hvcb K‡i gÐjx‡Z A‡bK mf¨-mf¨vMY †KŠgvh©, `wi`ªZv I eva¨Zvi eªZ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| cweÎ AvZ¥vi †cÖiYvq D×z× n‡q, wb‡ew`Z Rxeb hvcb K‡i m‡ev©cwi Ck¦‡ii cwiKíbv Abymv‡i gÐjx‡Z g‡bvig I wewPÎ ai‡Yi mbœ¨vmeªZx msN M‡o D‡V‡Q Avi Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q eû wewPÎ Hk cÖÁv (G†d 3:10)| mbœ¨vm eªZavixMY †mB Lªxó‡K AbymiY K‡ib whwb wQ‡jb wPi Kzgvi I `wi`ª Ges µzkxq g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ AvÁven n‡q gvbyl‡K D×vi I cwiÎvY K‡i‡Qb| cweÎ AvZ¥v Zv‡`i AšÍ‡i †h fvjevmv †X‡j w`‡q‡Qb †mB fvjevmvi kw³‡ZB Zviv Lªxó‡K I Zuvi †`niƒc gÐjxi Rb¨ AwaKZi wbôvevb Rxeb hvcb K‡ib (Kj 1:24)| g½jevYxi mygš¿Yv Abyhvqx hviv wb‡R‡`i Rxeb DrmM© K‡ib Zv‡`i Rxebmvÿ¨ Ges AZ¨vek¨K f~wgKv cvj‡bi d‡j Avgv‡`i G hy‡Mi gÐjxi AwaKZi Kj¨vY †hb mvwaZ nq GB D‡Ïk¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i GB cweÎ gnvmfv  †h wb‡`©k¸‡jv Rvwi K‡ib Zv wb¤œiƒc - Dchy³ bevq‡bi bxwZgvjv, bevq‡bi K‡qKwU ev¯Íe gvb`Ê, ˆewkó¨, Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxe‡bi cÖvavb¨, ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡Ri wb‡ew`Z msN, Avkªg Rxe‡bi cÖwZ wek¦¯^Zv, eªþPh© eªZ, `vwi`ª¨ eªZ, eva¨Zv eªZ, msNe× Rxeb, †cvlvK, Dchy³ MVb I AvnŸvb e„w×i cÖ‡Póv| mbœ¨vm msN¸wj Zv‡`i Rxe‡b ïwPZv, `wi`ªZv I eva¨Zvi eªZ MÖnY K‡i †mRb¨ G gnvmfv Mfxifv‡e kª×vkxj, †Kbbv ¯^qs Lªxó cÖfzB Gi mygnvb Av`k©| 

6) hvRKxq MVb welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (O.T.), (28 A‡±vei 1965 Lªxóvã)

ÒAvwg †Zvgv‡`i †`e GKwU bZzb ü`q, †Zvgv‡`i cÖv‡Y G‡b †`e GK bZzb AvwZ¥K kw³Ó (GwRwK‡qj 36:26)| Kwócv_‡iB gÐjxi evYxcÖPvi, cÖK…wZ I inm¨ cixwÿZ nq Ges Lªx‡ói AvZ¥v I Zuvi g½jevZ©vi `c©‡Y Zv cÖwZwew¤^Z nq| wKš‘ gÐjx‡K Zvi wbR¯^ MwÛ‡Z mxgve× K‡i †`L‡j Pj‡e bv eis RMr I hy‡Mi g‡a¨ gÐjxi †`navi‡Yi Ges ev¯Íe I HwZnvwmK ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K ch©v‡jvPbvi wbwg‡Ë hvRKxq MVb wb‡`©kbvgvwU cÖKvwkZ nq| g½jevZ©vi †NvlYvKvix, Hk wbM~pZË¡¸‡jv cÖ`vbKvix, cÖfz hxï Lªxó I †cÖwiZwkl¨‡`i Kvh©vejxi Av‡jv‡K ¯úóB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Hk RbM‡Yi DbœwZ me‡P‡q †ekx wbf©i K‡i hvRK‡`i †mevKv‡Ri Dci| ZvB Kv_wjK hvRKZ¡ HK¨ †nZz ag©cÖ‡`kxq, mbœ¨vmeªZx I mKj Dcvmbv-c×wZi hvRK‡`i Rb¨ GB hvRKxq cÖwkÿY Acwinvh©| hvRKxq cÖwkÿ‡Yi cy‡iv wkÿvavivwU A_©vr †mwgbvix msMVb, Ava¨vwZ¥K MVb wkÿvµg, Qv·`i RxebhvÎv I wbqgvejx Ges cvjKxq Kvh©vw` ¯’vbxq Ae¯’vi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q wb‡Z n‡e| MVb‡ÿ‡Î 4wU g~j ¯Í‡¤¢i Dci hvRKxq MVb‡K `vo Kiv‡bv nq G¸‡jv h_vµ‡g - gvbweK, Ava¨vwZ¥K, eyw×e„w³K I cvjKxq MVb c×wZ| †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ ag©cÖ‡`kxq hvRK‡`i †ÿ‡Î mvaviY bxwZgvjv nj wekc-mwš§jbx KZ©…K Ges mbœ¨vmeªZx‡`i †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i h_vh_ cwiPvjK KZ…©K cÖYxZ n‡e| GB gnvmfvq †h mg¯Í welq ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q Zv nj - hvRKxq AvnŸvb jvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, cÖv_wgK †mwgbvix‡Z eyw×MZ I Ava¨vwZ¥K MVb, cvjKxq g‡bvfve MVb, cwiPvjK I wkÿK Pqb, Ava¨vwZ¥K wkÿvi Dci AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc, gÐjxi g‡bvfve Abyhvqx wkÿv `vb, eªþPh© wkÿv, HkZË¡ †Kw›`ªK wkÿv, `k©bkv¯¿, HkZË¡, D”PZi wkÿv, msjv‡ci wel‡q wkÿv, cvjKxq Kv‡Ri ev¯Íe wkÿv, ZË¡MZ I cÖv‡qvwMK bevqb|

7) f³Rbmvavi‡Yi ˆcÖwiwZK KvR welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (A.A.), (18 b‡f¤^i 1965 Lªxóvã)

f³RbmvaviYB n‡”Q gÐjx I Zvi  cÖvY| †cvc lô cj e‡jb, Òf³mvaviYB AvaywbK wek¦ I gÐjxi gvSLv‡b †mZzeÜbÓ| RM‡Z Lªx‡ói †cÖiYKv‡h© wekc, cy‡ivwnZ I mbœ¨vm eªZx‡`i m‡½ Lªxóf³MYI †hŠ_fv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GB `wjjwU mve©Rbxb gÐjxi Rb¨ †jLv †Kbbv eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZB e‡j w`‡”Q †hb eZ©gv‡bi ˆcªwiwZK KvR `„pZi I e¨vcK nq| mve©ÿwbK RbmsL¨v e„w×, weÁvb I cÖhyw³i Dbœqb Ges gvby‡l gvby‡l e¨eavb n«v‡mi Kvi‡Y f³Rbmvavi‡Yi ˆcªwiwZK †ÿÎ evo‡Q| gvbe Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿÎ gy³ wPšÍvavivq cÖfvweZ nevi d‡j ˆbwZK I agx©q g~j¨‡eva wech©¯Í n‡q c‡o| †m‡ÿ‡Î Rbmvavi‡Yi ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ Av‡iv †ekx Riæix n‡q c‡o| wb‡`©kbvwU‡Z f³ Rbmvavi‡Yi ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡Ri ¯^iƒc, ˆewkó¨ I ˆewPÎgq aiY Zz‡j a‡i d‡j Av‡iv AwaK cwigv‡b ˆcªwiwZK KvR‡K Kvh©Kix K‡i Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í wb‡`©k †`q Zv nj - ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡R f³Rbmvavi‡Yi AvnŸvb, AskMÖnY I Ava¨vwZ¥KZv| ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡Ri jÿ¨mg~n †hgb - g½jevZ©v cÖPvi I cweÎxKi‡Yi ˆcªwiwZK KvR, †mevKvR I mvgvwRK mvnvh¨ `vb, ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡Ri wewfbœ †ÿÎ, gvÐwjK mgvRmg~n, cwievi, hyeK-hyeZxMY, mgch©v‡qi cÖwZ mgch©v‡qi ˆcªwiwZKZv, RvZxq I AvšÍRvwZ©K ch©vq| Kv‡Ri wewfbœ aiY †hgb - GKK, e¨w³MZ, `jMZ ˆcªwiwZK KvR, cvjbxq wewamg~‡ni g‡a¨ Av‡Q - gÐjxi KZ…c‡ÿi mv‡_ m¤úK©, cy‡ivwnZ I mbœ¨vmx‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK©, we‡kl cwil` Ges †hUv Av‡iv †ekx `iKvix Zv nj- ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ f³mvavi‡Yi cÖwkÿY|

8) gÐjxi †cÖiYKvh© welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (A.G.), (7 wW‡m¤^i 1965 Lªxóvã)

Ò†Zvgiv RM‡Zi me©Î hvI; wek¦m„wói Kv‡Q †NvlYv Ki g½j mgvPviÓ (gvK© 16:15)|  HkivR¨ c„w_ex‡Z Avmvi e¨e¯’v Ck¦i wb‡RB K‡i‡Qb Ges †cÖiYKv‡h©i g~j KviY Ck¦‡ii B”Qv‡ZB wbwnZ| Zuv‡KB wcZv cvwV‡q‡Qb †hb mgMÖ gvbe RvwZ n‡q D‡V GKB Hk RbMY, M‡o †Zv‡j Lªx‡ói GKB †`n Ges M‡o D‡V cweÎ AvZ¥vi GKB gw›`iiƒ‡c| †cÖwiZ wkl¨MY Lªx‡ói Av`k© AbymiY K‡i m‡Z¨i evYx cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb I gÐjx ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| ZvB AvR gvZv-gÐjx Dcjw× Ki‡Q †h mKj gvbyl I RvwZi Kv‡Q Ck¦‡ii fvjevmv cÖKv‡ki wbwg‡Ë Lªxó gÐjx wek¦vm K‡i †cÖiYKv‡h©i mywekvj `vwqZ¡ GL‡bv †kl nqwb| GB gnvmfv mgMÖ RbgÐjxi cÖ‡Póv‡K mw¤§wjZ Kivi B”Qv †cvlY K‡i †hb µz‡ki msKxY© c_ AbymiY K‡i Hk¦ RbMY me©Î Lªx‡ói ivR¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i I Zuvi AvMg‡bi Rb¨ c_ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mB Lªxó, whwb cÖfz I hyM ci¤úiv `k©K (Dc‡`kK 36:19)| gÐjxi †cÖiYKvh© welqK wb‡`©kbvgvq †ekwKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †hgb - wcZvi cwiKíbv, cy‡Îi †cÖiYKvh©, cweÎ AvZ¥vi †cÖiYKvh©, †cÖiYKv‡h©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, Lªx‡ói mvÿ¨, g½jmgvPvi cÖPvi I Hk RbM‡Yi mgv‡ek, Lªxóxq mgvR MVb, ag©wkÿK MVb, mbœ¨vmeªZx Rxeb jvjb, ¯’vbxq gÐjxmg~n, ¯’vbxq gÐjxmg~‡ni †cÖiYKvh©vejx, f³RbM‡Yi †cÖiYKvh©, GKZvi g‡a¨ ˆewPΨ, †cÖiYKgx©e„›`, †cÖiYKvh© welqK msMVb I mn‡hvwMZv|  

9) hvRK‡`i †mevKvR I Rxeb welqK wb‡`©kbvgv (P.O.), (7 wW‡m¤^i 1965 Lªxóvã)

ÒhvRK Zzwg wPiKv‡ji g‡Zv, †gjwL‡m‡`‡Ki ixwZ Abymv‡i|Ó (wneªæ 5:6)| Hk RbM‡Yi ch©vq †_‡K cy‡ivwnZ‡K †e‡Q †bqv nq Ges Zvi mË¡vi Mfx‡i gvbeRvwZi Lªx‡ói mv`„‡k¨ iƒcvwqZ nq e‡jB wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfv cy‡ivwnZ‡`i †mevKvR I Rxeb mg‡Ü Av‡iv c~Y© ag©wkÿv `vb K‡ib| †Kbbv hvRKxq, ivRKxq I cÖvew³K †mevKgx© wn‡m‡e HkRbMY‡K cwiPvjbv `vb K‡ib| cweÎ AvZ¥vi mxj‡gvni Øviv wZwb cweÎxK…Z nb Ges GB cweÎxKi‡Yi d‡jB Zv‡K Lªx‡ói †mevKgx© wn‡m‡e Hk RbM‡Yi †mevi Rb¨ cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi wkÿv †`qv nq| GB wb‡`©kbvgvq `„wócvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q we‡kl K‡i hvRKxq Awf‡l‡Ki GKZ¡ I wewkóZvi Dci Ges Lªx‡ói ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡Ri Dci| hvRKeiY ms¯‹v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q †mB Awf‡lK I ˆcªwiwZK Kv‡R c~Y© I D”PZg AskMÖnY wnmv‡e wekc c`‡KB cÖ_g ¯’vb †`qv n‡q‡Q| wekc I cy‡ivwnZ‡`i m¤úK© g~jZ åvZ…cÖwZg| GB åvZ…Z¡ ïaygvÎ gb I AšÍ‡ii wgjbB bq, wKš‘ GKwU ms¯‹vixq mZ¨| cy‡ivwnZ n‡”Qb cÖfzi wkl¨, HkRbM‡Yi GKRb, HkevYxi †NvlK, ms¯‹vimg~n Ges LªxócÖmv‡`i †mevKgx©, m‡e©vcwi wZwb Hk RbM‡Yi PvjK| RxešÍ Ck¦‡ii evYx cÖPv‡ii KvRB Zvi cÖ_g KZ©e¨| GB gnvmfv Pvq †hb cÖ‡Z¨K cy‡ivwnZ cwic° gvbyl nb †mRb¨ †h mg¯Í wel‡qi Dci †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q Zv nj - gÐjxi †cÖiYKv‡h© hvRK‡Z¡i f~wgKv, hvRK‡`i Kvh©vejx, Ab¨‡`i m‡½ hvRK‡`i m¤úK©, hvRK‡`i wb‡qvM Ges Rxe‡bi AvnŸvb, c~Y©Zvi cÖwZ cy‡ivwnZ‡`i AvnŸvb, †KŠgvh©‡K Dcnvi iƒ‡c eiY I kª×v Ki‡Z n‡e, cy‡ivwnZ‡`i Rxe‡bi Rb¨ mnvqZv Ges hvRK‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v| g~jZ bqwU wb‡`©kbvgvq GB mg¯Í welq¸‡jv wek` AvKv‡i Av‡jvPbv I eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†NvlYvcÎ

1| Lªxwóq wkÿv welqK †NvlYv cÎ: Lªxwóq wkÿv welqK †NvlYv cÎwU gnvmfvi Ab¨vb¨ `wjj¸‡jvi †P‡q Avjv`v KviY gnvmfv ïaygvÎ K‡qKwU g~jbxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges we¯ÍvwiZ A‡jvPbvi fvi we‡kl cwil` I wekc mw¤§jbxi Dci b¨¯Í K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î gÐjxi f~wgKv wb‡q A‡b‡K cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb| ÔmvweK©fv‡e `wjjwUi me‡P‡q my¤úó ‰ewkó nj GB †h GLv‡b gvbe Rxe‡bi me w`‡K Lªxwóq wkÿvi cÖfve we¯Ívi Kivi ¸iæZ¡ Lye †Rvi w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|Õ[6] wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi `„wófw½i mv‡_ GB `wj‡ji Av‡jvPbv I Lªxwóq wkÿvi wgj Av‡Q hv gÐjx‡Z Lªxóf³‡`i wel‡q g‡bvfv‡eiI cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| GB †NvlYv cÎwU gÐjx‡Z fªvšÍ avibv `~i K‡i bZzb wkÿvi Av‡jv Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| `wjjwU‡Z mKj wkÿvi eyw×MZ g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q Ges gvbe g‡bi D”PZg weKvk mvab Kivi cÖ‡Póv †bIqvi AvneŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b g~jZ gvby‡li ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K MVb Ges Rxe‡bi Pig j‡ÿ¨i AbyK~j K‡iB me wkÿv w`‡Z n‡e, Ges gvby‡li b¨vqm½Z Avkv AvKv•Lvi cÖwZ kª×vkxj †_‡K Zv c~i‡Y AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| GB ‡NvlYv c‡Î †gvU 12wU Aby‡”Q` i‡q‡Q hv mswÿß AvKv‡i wjwLZ i‡q‡Q| g~jZ GB `wjjwU  eZ©gvb we‡k¦i gv‡S Av‡jvPbv I msjvc ïiæ Kivi wel‡q ejv n‡q‡Q hvi D‡Ïk¨ nj Lªxwóq wkÿvi h_v_© g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv‡K †hb AwaKZi Mfxi I †cÖiYv`vqK K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| 

2| ALªxóvb ag©mg~‡ni m‡½ gÐjxi m¤úK© welqK (‡NvlYvcÎ 28 A‡±vei, 1965): eZ©gvb hy‡M gvby‡li m¤úK© AviI NwbôZi Kivi Rb¨ gÐjx AviI hZœ mnKv‡i cixÿv K‡i †`‡L‡Q ALªxóvb ag©Myjvi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i m¤úK© wK Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| gÐjx DrmvwnZ K‡ib ‡hb  Lªxóf³‡`i Zv‡`i wek¦vm I RxebhvÎvi mvÿ¨ w`‡Z w`‡Z ALªxóvb†`i g‡a¨ weivRgvb Ava¨vwZ¥K I ˆbwZK mZ¨¸‡jvi Ges Zv‡`i mvgvwRK Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZ †hb ¯^xKvi K‡ib, msiÿY I DrmvwnZ K‡ib| 1965mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i `wjjwUi wewfbœ Ask wb‡q †fvU MÖnY Kiv nq Ges 1821Rb wcZ…MY BwZevPK †fvU †`b| mviv we‡k¦i wekcMY Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv e¨vcKfv‡e Dcjwä K‡ib| mKj w`K we‡ePbv K‡i gnvmfvq ALªxóvb ag©mg~‡ni m‡½ gÐjxi m¤úK© welqK †NvlYv cÎwU MÖnY Kiv nq| GLv‡b wewfbœ a‡g©i hv wKQz mZ¨ I cweÎ Zvi wKQzB Kv_wjK gÐjx eR©b K‡iwb eis gvby‡li Rxeb I AvPi‡Yi aib, wewa- weavb I ag©xq wek¦vm gÐjx kª×vi mv‡_ †`‡L‡Q| we‡kl fv‡e Bû`x I Bmjvg a‡g©i mv‡_ †h g‡bvgvwjb¨Zv wQj  Zv †hb fz‡j wM‡q Lªxóf³MY cvi¯úvwiK mg‡SvZv , kvwšÍ, gyw³ I mvgvwRK b¨vh¨Zv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai PP©v  K‡i|

3| ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv welqK †NvlYvcÎ: ag©xq wel‡q mvgvwRK I ivóxq ¯^vaxbZvi Dci I mvg‡Ri AwaKvi welqK wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi `wjj nj ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv welqK †NvlYvcÎ| 1963 mv‡ji 19 b‡f¤^i ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv welqK `wj‡ji cÖ_g LmovwU Lªxwóq HK¨ Dbœqb mwPevjq KZ…©K gnvmfvi wcZ…c‡Yi wbKU Dc¯’vcb Kvi nq| †kl LmovwU P~ovšÍfv‡e wbe©vwPZ nevi Av‡M `yB nvRv‡iiI †ewk ïw× cÖ¯Íve we‡ePbv K‡i †`Lv nq| Lªxwóq wek¦vmg~jK wZbwU ZË¡ wb‡q GwU iwPZ| h_v- e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZ gvbevwaKvi iƒ‡c ¯^vaxbZvi ˆbwZK wkÿv, ag©xq wel‡q miKv‡ii KZe¨, Ges gÐjxi mv‡_ mvgvwRK- ivR‰bwZK ch©v‡qi m¤ú©‡Ki †ÿ‡Î g~jbxwZ¯^iƒc gÐjxi ¯^vaxbZv welqK ag©ZvwËK wkÿv| G `wjjwU gÐjxi BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y NUbv hw`I mviv mnvmfvq GwU wQj weZK©g~jK `wjj| GB †NvlYv cÎwU Ck¦‡ii RbMY I RvMwZK RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤ú©‡Ki ‡ÿ‡Î bZyb hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b gvbyl m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wb‡Ri wePvi eyw× e¨envi, Kv‡R K‡g© `vwqZ¡c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv e¨envi Kivi ZvwM` Abyfe Ki‡Q| †NvlYv cÎwU hw`I ag©xq ¯^vaxbZvi †KejgvÎ †QvU- LvU welqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q wKš‘ `wjjwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bxwZ nj ¯^vaxbZvi `vwqZ¡kxj e¨envi I Lªxwóq ¯^vaxbZvi Hk¦ZvwËK A_© MÖnY Kiv| GB `wj‡j †gvU `ywU Aa¨vq I 15 wU Aby‡”Q` i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv bxwZ mg~n I wØZxq Aa¨v‡q Hk¦cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki Av‡jv‡K ag©xq ¯^vaxbZvi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|  GB †Nvlbv cÎwU †cvc lô †cvc wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ

1. dªvwÝm  M‡gR mxgv,  cvjgv evbvW© (m¤úv`bv): wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi `wjjmg~n, Kv_wjK wekc mw¤§jbx, XvKv, 1190|

2. jyBm, mykxj: †MŠiegq 2q fvwUKvb gnvmfvi 50eQi c~wZ©: evsjv‡`kLªxógÐjxi cwieZ©b, cwieab, bevqb, AMÖhvÎv, `xßmvÿ¨, 1g msL¨v  2012 Lªxóel©|

4. New Catholic Encyclopedia, v. 14, The Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., 2003.

3. Tomas, P.C: General Council of the Church, St Paul Press, Mumbai, 2000.

 

                                                                                                  

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[1] wmjfv‡bv Mv‡i‡jøv m¤úv`bvq, ÒLªxóag©xq kãv_©Ó, dvg©‡MU, g¨vK Kw¤úDUvi mvwf©m,1996, c„:120|

[2] †gvbwmMv‡bvwi G.gv‡iwË : Lªxóq mfvi mvaviY BwZnvm, 2q LÛ, Kv_wjK Aidvb, KjKvZv 1892, c„. 474-475|

[4] d«vwÝm M‡gR mxgv, evbvW© cvjgv (m¤úv`bv) wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi `wjjmg~n, Kv_wjK wekc mw¤§jbx, XvKv,1190, c„ôv-530

[5] d«vwÝm M‡gR mxgv, evbvW© cvjgv (m¤úv`bv) wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi `wjjmg~n, Kv_wjK wekc mw¤§jbx, XvKv,1190, c„ôv-530

[6] d«vwÝm M‡gR mxgv, evbvW© cvjgv (m¤úv`bv) wØZxq fvwUKvb gnvmfvi `wjjmg~n, Kv_wjK wekc mw¤§jbx, XvKv,1190, c„ôv-302